<p>The Virginia School for the Deaf and the Blind, located in Staunton, Virginia, United States, is an institution for educating deaf and blind children, first established in 1839 by an act of the Virginia General Assembly. The school accepts children aged between 2 and 22 and provides residential accommodation for those students aged 5 and over who live outside a 35 mi radius of the school</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Virginia Institution for the Deaf, Dumb and Blind, as it was originally named, was first opened in Staunton by the State of Virginia in 1839. It was fully co-educational from the time of its founding although it only accepted white students. The first superintendent was Joseph D. Tyler, who was paid a salary of $1200 per year. The first teacher hired was named Job Turner, who served the school for 40 years. J. C. M. Merrillat was a native of Bordeaux, France, who served as the first principal of the Blind Department. He became superintendent of both the Deaf and Blind departments in 1852. His nearby residence, the J. C. M. Merrillat House, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, the school&#39;s Main Hall was used as a hospital by Confederate troops, and several staff members served as doctors or nurses. The school now houses a Deaf History Museum on its grounds. Sometime after the war, Thomas Davis Ranson served as the school director.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1960s the school had 550 students. At the time there were more prospective students than space, and hence there was a waiting list.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1970s the USA Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) required the state of Virginia to come up with a plan to desegregate VSDB and the state school for black deaf and blind students in Hampton, Virginia, the Virginia School for the Deaf, Blind and Multi-Disabled at Hampton. The Commonwealth developed a plan to do so in 1974, which was deemed acceptable by HEW. In 1975 both Staunton and Hampton sites had schools for the deaf and blind, but all blind high school students attended Hampton while all deaf high school students attended Staunton. In 1978 the state unveiled a $1.8 million capital improvement plan for the Hampton campus.</p><br>
<p>The 1975 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act required that local school districts have the capacity to educate all students in their boundaries, so the demand for the state deaf/blind schools declined. By 1983 there were about 300 students.</p><br>
<p>In June 2008, the two deaf/blind schools were consolidated into one school with Staunton chosen as the site.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, the General Assembly declared the school independent of the Virginia Department of Education with its own board of visitors.</p><br>
<h2>Blind Department</h2><br>
<p>The Blind Department uses a range of technology to ensure students academic and social development. It teaches the reading and writing of Braille, as well as life and social skills, self-advocacy and mobility skills, alongside traditional academic subjects</p><br>
<p>All staff in the department are specifically trained and licensed by the Virginia Department of Education or other licensing boards tailored to the specific demands of the students.</p><br>
<p>A Summer Enrichment Program is offered to students with varying levels of vision loss. This focuses on Reading and Study Skills, Mathematics and Money Management, Independent Living Skills and Everyday Technology/Signatures. The mornings are spent on these practical and academic areas, while the afternoons are dedicated to enrichment activities.</p><br>
<h2>Deaf Department</h2><br>
<p>The Deaf Department offers a range of vocational and academic subjects to its pupils in order to prepare them for life after the school. It organises a number of work experience placements in the community, giving students specific training in areas of work in which they might be interested.</p><br>
<p>Typical academic subjects including Math, English, USA History, World History, Science and Physical Education are offered for all ages alongside areas more tailored to the students&#39; needs, such as Life Management Skills and Motor Development.</p><br>
<p>A number of professionals are available at the school to provide support for the academic and vocational programs. A Communication Skills Therapist and Behavioral Management Specialist help students development and an Audiologist is on hand to assess and monitor students hearing.</p><br>
<h2>Parent/Infant Outreach Program</h2><br>
<p>A free program is offered by the school to families raising children who are deaf, hard-of-hearing, blind, low-vision or deaf-blind. This includes American Sign Language classes, socialising and networking opportunities and home-based services designed to support and educate families while allowing them some independence.</p><br>
<h2>Sport</h2><br>
<p>The school has an active athletics department and offers a range of sports including soccer, girls volleyball, boys and girls&#39; basketball, goalball and track. The Deaf Department teams, known as the Cardinals, compete in the Mason-Dixon Schools for the Deaf Athletic Association. The Blind Department teams, the Chiefs, compete in the Eastern Athletic Association of the Blind.</p><br>
<p>The school has a Hall of Fame, founded in 1974 by former employee, Rocco DeVito. Its first member was T. Carlton Lewellyn, the first Physical Education director at the school</p><br>
<p>The Cardinals were Mason-Dixon Basketball Tournament Champions in the 1959, 1964 and 1970 seasons. Their football team was undefeated in the 1939, 1954 and 1969 seasons.</p><br>
<h2>Alumni</h2><br>
<p>The school has a very active alumni association, re-founded around 1955. Many alumni are now among the teaching and support staff at the school and an alumni newsletter, the Little Acorn, is produced and distributed four times a year.</p><br>
<p>Notable alumni include:</p><br>
<p>C. Clifton Virts (1910–1985), member of the Maryland House of Delegates</p><br>
<h2>Campus</h2><br>
<p>The school, located in a residential area, has 73 acre of land. In 2003, the school had 28 buildings, with the newest being the 1991-built Abernathy Natatorium. The majority of the buildings were built in the 1800s. The Virginia Department of the Visually Handicapped rented portions of an unused dormitory building, Watts Hall. the school&#39;s capacity in terms of its classrooms and its dormitories is 525.</p><br>
<p>The Old Governors Mansion, also known as Lieutenant Governors Mansion, is located at 420 High Street, Frankfort, Kentucky. It is reputed to be the oldest official executive residence officially still in use in the Contiguous United States, as the mansion is the official residence of the lieutenant governor of Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>In 1796, the Kentucky General Assembly appropriated funds to provide a house to accommodate the governor. Construction was completed in 1798. The home barely survived fires and neglect through the years. It has undergone several style changes as evidenced by some Victorian design elements that were added.</p><br>
<p>The Mansion was often referred to as the "Palace" in its early days. Dignitaries including Theodore Roosevelt, Andrew Jackson, Louis-Philippe of France, Henry Clay, William Jennings Bryan, and the Marquis de Lafayette have been guests of the Mansion. The last occupants of the mansion were Lieutenant Governor Steve Henry and his wife Heather French Henry. Since Henry, Lieutenant Governors have chosen not to live in the mansion but to maintain residences in their hometowns and travel to Frankfort as needed. Because of this, the mansion has been turned over to the Kentucky Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>Both a bricklayer and stonemason who helped build the house, Robert P. Letcher and Thomas Metcalf, later became governors and lived there.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<p>The 1841 Goshen Courthouse is located along Main Street  in the center of Goshen, New York, the seat of Orange County, New York, United States. It was designed by popular local architect Thornton M. Niven in a Greek Revival style, meant to be a twin of the one he had already built in Newburgh, which at that time shared seat duties with the larger city. Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>and Construction of the building was approved by the county legislature in April 1841 and began shortly thereafter.</p><br>
<p>During construction of the building, the remains of American Revolutionary War Loyalist guerrilla leader Claudius Smith were rumored to have been found on the site and his skull embedded in the masonry above the front door. A plaque commemorating his hanging in Goshen and the associated tradition was dedicated at the site in 2016.</p><br>
<p>It was used as a courthouse until 1970, when the recently constructed Orange County Government Center made more space available. It was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. It is also a contributing property to the Church Park Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Forest Hills is a part of the Jamaica Plain neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Forest Hills is characterized by hilly terrain and wooded areas within and adjacent to its borders. In general, the area slopes upward from Hyde Park Ave and downward from Walk Hill Street.</p><br>
<p>Forest Hills is primarily residential, although a number of small businesses are located along Hyde Park Avenue. Single family homes predominate south of Walk Hill Street, but triple deckers dominate near the train station. As in the rest of Jamaica Plain, many of the multi-unit houses have been converted into condominiums. A variety of home styles are represented including Arts & Crafts, Cape Cod, Colonial Revival, Queen Anne, Tudor Revival and Victorian. South of Walk Hill Street, Forest Hills is characterized by curving, tree-lined streets laid out in irregular patterns indicative of how the area was thoughtfully transformed from country estates into a streetcar suburb.</p><br>
<p>__TOC__</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first European known to have settled in Forest Hills was Capt. Joseph Weld (ancestor of former Governor of Massachusetts William Weld), the youngest of three immigrant brothers from England and a veteran of the Pequot War of 1637. For his efforts in that conflict and subsequent negotiations, the leaders of Massachusetts Bay Colony awarded him 278 acre untamed in what is now the Forest Hills area of Jamaica Plain.</p><br>
<p>His descendant Col. Eleazer Weld, one of seven Weld family members who fought in the American Revolutionary War, bequeathed some of his land to fellow patriot Benjamin Bussey. His combined area was subsequently willed to Harvard University and become the basis for Arnold Arboretum.</p><br>
<p>In 1845, the Welds sold a large piece of land that would later become the Woodbourne area to William Minot, a fellow Yankee farmer. As the New England economy shifted from an agricultural base to a mercantile base, the Welds divided their land into smaller parcels for elite Bostonian friends and relatives. Some lived here year round; for others it was a rural retreat from Boston&#39;s summer heat and seasonal cholera outbreaks.</p><br>
<p>The Weld family and families to whom they were connected—especially Guild, Minot, Perkins, Olney, Peters and Rodman—were associated with Jamaica Plain for generations. A number of local statesmen were drawn from these families, and many of them became wealthy or famous.</p><br>
<p>Richard Olney built what might be the first tennis court in Boston on what is now Patten Street. George Minot won a Nobel Prize. William Fletcher Weld (whose mother was a Minot) left behind a $20 million dollar fortune. Stephen Minot Weld Jr. and George H. Perkins were Civil War heroes. Andrew James Peters (who married a Minot), became Mayor of Boston. A previous incarnation of Perkins School for the Blind stood atop Wachusett Street.</p><br>
<p>In the early 20th century, the arrival of public transportation brought increasing numbers of working-class people and rich Yankee families abandoned Forest Hills. Some returned to ancestral haunts on Beacon Hill or in Brookline. Others went farther south to Dedham or Westwood or even left the state entirely.</p><br>
<h2>Geographic locale</h2><br>
<h3>Borders</h3><br>
<p>Forest Hills is not an officially designated area of the city nor have its borders been defined. Generally, "Forest Hills" refers to the area immediately surrounding the train station, plus the residential areas on the East side of Hyde Park Avenue extending perhaps as far as Cummins Highway or perhaps only as far as Walk Hill Street.Even the borders of officially designated neighborhoods within the city, such as Jamaica Plain and Roslindale, do not have defined borders and might be (for example) served by the post office of one neighborhood but be listed as part of another neighborhood by a realtor. For example</p><br>
<p>The Canterbury urban wild area southeast of the Forest Hills Cemetery between Canterbury Street and American Legion Highway has an ambiguous identity. Under various definitions, the Canterbury parcel is a part of Roslindale, Jamaica Plain, and Mattapan.</p><br>
<p>More often, Forest Hills refers to a roughly triangular area lying between Hyde Park Avenue, American Legion Highway and Morton Street, except for those areas separated from the rest by the cemeteries.</p><br>
<p>This triangle is bisected by Walk Hill Street. The blocks south of Walk Hill Street were once regarded as the White City area of Jamaica Plain. Now they are regarded as the Woodbourne area.</p><br>
<h3>Subsections</h3><br>
<h4>White City</h4><br>
<p>In 1914, four apartment buildings covered with light stucco were erected on Hyde Park Ave far South of the train station. The complex was called "White City" in emulation of the Worlds Columbian Exposition a decade earlier. The name was later borrowed by the White City Food Store and the White City Cleansers (sic) on the corner of Hyde Park Ave and Eldridge Road, thus putting the "White City" name on two large signs visible even to those whizzing by on Hyde Park Ave. White City came to be regarded as a section of Forest Hills, but not a separate section of Jamaica Plain. Its borders were seen as Walk Hill Street, Hyde Park Ave and St. Michaels Cemetery. The area now thought of as "Woodbourne" was contained within.</p><br>
<p>White City was not an all-White area of Jamaica Plain. Jamaica Plain was always a diverse section of the City of Boston, as was made obvious by the diversity of Jamaica Plain High School, the most integrated school in the City of Boston in the late 1950s. White City Cleansers was renamed around 2003; its sign was the last prominent reminder of the name that was once given to this section of Jamaica Plain. Racists had tried to link the name, White City, associated with the white stucco apartment buildings, with race. However, white was simply the color of the stucco applied to two buildings on Hyde Park Ave.</p><br>
<h4>Woodbourne</h4><br>
<p>The Woodbourne Historic District is a historic residential subdivision in Forest Hills. It consists of a 30 acre parcel of land southwest of Forest Hills Cemetery, roughly bounded by Walk Hill Street, Goodway Road, and Wachusett Street. This area was developed into house lots between 1890 and 1933 by financier Robert Winsor in an effort to create a sort of utopian community for middle-class families. Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. was responsible for some of its layout.</p><br>
<p>The "bourne" element in streets such as Southbourne and Bournedale is taken from Bourne Street, a road established around 1820. Bourne Street begins at Walk Hill Street across from Forest Hills Cemetery, meanders through a scenic residential area and St. Michael&#39;s cemetery, then comes to an end at Canterbury Street and Mt. Hope Cemetery. The most distinctive homes in this section are designed to resemble gabled English cottages and are situated around a common courtyard. While the means to flatten out this terrain was readily available, developers chose to retain the uneven character of the landscape to preserve a country-like estate feel.</p><br>
<p>Since Woodbourne was designated as a historic district in 1999, homeowners and realtors have begun advertising homes there as belonging to the "Woodbourne area" rather than saying that they are in "Forest Hills". Nevertheless, Woodbourne was designed and advertised with the proximity of the train station in mind, was an integral part of the Roman Catholic parish of St. Andrew the Apostle, and was thought of as part of Forest Hills by its residents throughout the 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>Parks, cemeteries, and green space</h2><br>
<p>Forest Hills is surrounded by the three final "links" of the Emerald Necklace park system designed by Frederick Law Olmsted in the 19th century: Arnold Arboretum, Arborway and Franklin Park. While teaching on "Schoolmaster&#39;s Hill" in Franklin Park, Ralph Waldo Emerson boarded on Morton Street near present-day Forest Hills Station in the same house used by feminist Margaret Fuller.</p><br>
<p>There is a baseball field at the top of Wachusett Street which is bordered by trees and adjacent to the well-maintained Parkman Playground. There are also small, nameless patches of woodland, such as the one between Patten Street and Eldridge Road.</p><br>
<p>Outcroppings of Roxbury puddingstone dot the landscape, both within the green areas and in unexpected locations, such as the immense lump of puddingstone on Wachusett Street across from the Parkman School.</p><br>
<p>A large portion of Forest Hills is occupied by Forest Hills Cemetery, an active cemetery, also enjoyed as a 275 acre park and arboretum, recognized as one of the finest 19th-century rural cemeteries in the country and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Eugene ONeill, e.e. cummings and William Lloyd Garrison are among the famous people buried here. St. Michaels Cemetery & Crematory (across Walk Hill Street from the Forest Hills Cemetery) is more contemporary in design. Calvary Cemetery, Mt. Hope Cemetery and New Calvary Cemetery are also large in size and are more contemporary (for example, level and sparsely wooded) burial grounds that lie on the opposite side of American Legion Highway. Together these cemeteries form a "dead area" that separates Forest Hills from the nearest sections of Mattapan and Roxbury.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<h3>Parkman School</h3><br>
<p>In 1896, the City of Boston acquired an acre of land from Andrew James Peters for a school designed by Charles B. Perkins to be placed at the corner of Wachusett Street and Walk Hill Street. The school was named after Francis Parkman, local scholar whose summer home overlooked Jamaica Pond.</p><br>
<p>Francis Parkman School has housed two city educational programs: the Barton Assessment Center and The Young Achievers School, a city-wide pilot school dedicated to science and mathematics. The later program also occupies space in the Upham Church and school officials are considering expansion into one or more of the properties that comprise St. Andrew&#39;s. In September 2009 the Young Achievers School moved out of the building to a new home in Mattapan and the new Boston Teachers Union (BTU) Pilot school moved into the building.</p><br>
<h3>Seaver School</h3><br>
<p>On the late 1920s, the City of Boston acquired land for a school to be built between Eldridge Road and Northbourne. The city leveled the parcel and built a huge concrete retaining wall in the rear. The red brick building was designed with a Georgian Revival style by John F. Cullen and completed in 1930. Side wings were added the following year.</p><br>
<p>The school was eventually named after Edwin P. Seaver, Superintendent of Schools in Boston from 1880 to 1904. For much of the 20th century, this school provided education for grades K-8. Many local children attended kindergarten here, even those who would later attend St. Andrew&#39;s School from 1st grade and beyond.</p><br>
<p>The Edwin P. Seaver building was sold by the city and turned into condominiums in 1983 by the Finch/Abbey Group and is now one of the largest residential buildings in Forest Hills. The former schoolyards serve as parking for residents.</p><br>
<h2>Churches</h2><br>
<h3>Former St. Andrew&#39;s Parish (now Bethel AME Church)</h3><br>
<p>St. Andrew the Apostle Church was built by the Archdiocese of Boston in 1918. It stands on the corner of Walk Hill Street and Wachusett Street diagonally across from where the city built the Parkman School some two decades earlier.</p><br>
<p>In 1942, St. Andrew the Apostle School was opened adjacent to the church. A convent next to the school housed the Sisters who staffed it. First it was staffed by the Sisters of the Congregation of Saint Joseph and later by the Sisters of Charity. A rectory next to the church was home to four or more priests at a time. Eventually, a building directly across the street from St. Andrews Church was purchased to serve as a "community hall." By the late 1940s, Forest Hills (on both sides of Walk Hill Street) was predominantly Irish Catholic. Catholics of other ethnic groups (particularly Italians but also French, Poles, Portuguese, Scots and others) were also present but were collectively outnumbered by the Irish. Although small numbers of non-Catholics remained in the area, for the second half of the 20th century, "Forest Hills" and "St. Andrews Parish" were virtually synonymous.</p><br>
<p>The 1970s busing crisis that erupted with violence in Boston neighborhoods such as Dorchester and South Boston had less visible effect in Jamaica Plain parishes such as St. Andrew&#39;s or its neighboring parent church St. Thomas Aquinas near Jamaica Plain Centre. Most White families in Jamaica Plain could afford to send their children to parochial schools, and did. During this time in which Forest Hills was mostly Irish-Catholic, two public schools operated within its borders: the Parkman and the Seaver. Students at these schools were mostly Black and Latino, reflecting the composition of Jamaica Plain as a whole. They travelled back and forth in yellow school buses and there was little interaction between these schools and the all-White residents of the area.</p><br>
<p>A thriving parish for much of the 20th century, St. Andrews suffered a change at the end of the century. The surrounding area became increasingly heterogeneous, ethnically and culturally. Some locals resisted these changes and left the area in the process sometimes called "urban flight", further reducing the number of active parishioners. Another strong factor in the decline of attendance and revenue at St. Andrews was dissatisfaction with the archdiocese in the wake of the Church sex scandal which came to light at this time. Forest Hills parishioners had particular cause to feel betrayed. John J. Geoghan, one of the most notorious molesters among Catholic clergy, served at St. Andrews from 1974 to 1980 and ran the altar boy program. Patrick McSorley, one of Geoghans most visible accusers, was from this parish.</p><br>
<p>St. Andrews Church closed in 2000, although funeral masses were held there after that date. St. Andrews School closed at the end of school year 2005. Students who had not yet graduated were given the option to attend Sacred Heart School in Roslindale.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, St. Andrews church, school, rectory, and convent were purchased by the Bethel African Methodist Church, a 20-year-old church and longtime owner and occupant of the Parkside Christian School building on nearby Forest Hills Street. In August 2008, Bethel African Methodist Church leased the St. Andrews school building to the MATCH Charter School to launch its new grade 6-8 middle school, and the kindergarten building to the Young Achievers Pilot School to be used as an arts space.</p><br>
<h3>Upham Church</h3><br>
<p>Upham Memorial Church, a small Methodist church at the corner of Wachusett and Patten Streets, was completed in 1901. Previously, Forest Hills Methodist Society had been holding services in a rented hall in the Forest Hills area. Designed by James G. Hutchinson in a Tudor Revival style, this wooden church was built with a corner tower and half-timbering. A later addition was added in 1925.</p><br>
<p>As this area became increasingly Catholic after World War II, attendance dropped sharply. The church closed in 1969 and remained boarded up and unused until acquired by the Knights of Columbus in 1977. The K&#39;s of C added aluminum siding shortly thereafter, obscuring much of the architectural details of the original structure.</p><br>
<p>This building, along with the Parkman School, used to house The Young Achievers School, a city-wide pilot school. The building was converted to condos after The Young Achievers School relocated to Mattapan.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<h3>Forest Hills Station</h3><br>
<p>Forest Hills is served by the Forest Hills Station, a local transportation hub operated by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA). This station is the southern end of the Orange Line, is a stop on the Commuter Rails Needham Line, and was previously the terminal for the Green Lines E branch, until it was truncated to Heath Street in north Jamaica Plain. Service along that route is provided by the 39 bus. Orange line service runs from here north to Malden on the North Shore via Downtown Crossing. Bus routes servicing the station are the 16, 21, 30, 31, 32, 34/34E, 25, 26, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 50 and 51, and are accessible from berths all around the station, on upper and lower levels.</p><br>
<p>This station created the impetus for development of the local area since the Boston & Providence Railroad opened in 1834. The local area got its name after the establishment of the eponymous cemetery in 1848; subsequently, that name was applied to the station.</p><br>
<p>The original Forest Hills Station was a large red brick structure built in the 19th century. In the early 20th century, the traditional tracks to the North were replaced with an elevated railway which lead into Boston and connected with the city&#39;s subway, the oldest in the nation. The elevated track and the original station were torn down in the late 1980s. The station was replaced with the current, modern style station and clock tower designed by Cambridge Seven Associates and completed in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The Monsignor William J. Casey Overpass (a.k.a. Morton Street overpass) stood just north of the station, was built in the 1950s to bypass Forest Hills and connect the Arborway to Morton Street. and was demolished in 2015.</p><br>
<h3>Toll Gate Bridge</h3><br>
<p>Before the trains were built in the 1830s, the area that is now Forest Hills Station was known as (the) Toll Gate. The Norfolk and Bristol Turnpike was created in 1803, providing a main route between Boston and Providence, Rhode Island. The Hartford and Dedham Turnpike was chartered the following year, serving as a main road through to Hartford, Connecticut.</p><br>
<p>At the facility that stood at what is now the MBTA station, carts and wagons from Roxbury and environs were weighed and charged a toll before being allowed onto the privately owned turnpike. The turnpike became unprofitable and changed into a public road in 1857. In 1874, it was renamed Washington Street and it remains one of the longest streets in the Commonwealth. Long after the train station had acquired the name "Forest Hills", its older identity was preserved in the name of the Toll Gate Bridge, a metal footbridge that crossed the railroad tracks to Washington Street at the point where Walk Hill Street meets Hyde Park Avenue.</p><br>
<p>In a state of disrepair, the stairs on both sides were removed during the 1990s after Ukraine Way (nearer the station) provided a crossing point for both pedestrians and traffic. The remaining bridge span was torn down in 2012. Adjacent to the footbridge entrance, the small, neglected Tollgate Catholic graveyard containing 19th and early 20th century headstones sits along Hyde Park Avenue. A monument to Irish-American war dead was created in the 1980s, and each year flags are placed on the graves of veterans.</p><br>
<p>The Episcopal Burying Ground and Chapel ) is located at 251 East Third Street, in Lexington, Kentucky. The land was purchased in 1832 by Christ Church as a burial ground for its parishioners. The cemetery became extremely important during the 1833 cholera epidemic, during which one-third of the congregation died.</p><br>
<p>The burial ground also contains a small chapel that was built around 1867 and is thought to have been designed by notable Lexington architect John McMurtry. The small Carpenter Gothic chapel later became a sexton&#39;s cottage.</p><br>
<p>In 1976, the burying ground and former chapel were added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The only person of color buried in the OEBG, is Rev. London Ferrill, a former enslaved man who came to Kentucky in 1811 after the death of his enslaver. In 1821, he was ordained by the Elkhorn Baptist Association. Rev. Ferrell ministered to the black population of Lexington at the First African Church, now the First African Baptist Church. It was founded by Rev. Peter Durrett, also known as "Uncle Peter" and "Old Captain", an enslaved man of Rev. Joseph Craig, who came to Kentucky with the Baptist members of The Travelling Church from Upper Spotsylvania, Virginia in 1781.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery is not regularly open to the public, but private tours can be given by appointment.</p><br>
<p>The Landmark Center or 401 Park Building in Boston, Massachusetts is a commercial center situated in a limestone and brick art deco building built in 1928 for Sears, Roebuck and Company. It features a 200 ft tower and, as Sears Roebuck and Company Mail Order Store, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and designated as a Boston Landmark in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The building is located at the intersection of Park Drive and Brookline Avenue; also the meeting point of the Riverway and the Back Bay Fens, two links of the Emerald Necklace park system designed in the 19th century by Frederick Law Olmsted. It is one of the tallest buildings in its vicinity, and viewers on top of the tower can see the Charles River, Cambridge, and the Great Blue Hill in Milton.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Development and vacancy</h3><br>
<p>The Landmark Center building was the last of a series of Sears distribution centers designed by George C. Nimmons, and was completed in 1928. For nearly sixty years it served as a warehouse and distribution center for Sears, Roebuck and Company and offered local bargain-hunters an opportunity to obtain merchandise at below-catalog prices.</p><br>
<p>Sears closed the distribution center in January, 1988, and the building became vacant. Various developers investigated new uses for the property and it came close to being demolished several times.</p><br>
<h3>Midtown Exchange</h3><br>
<p>The Landmark Center has a sister building, which was also originally designed for Sears, in Minneapolis, Minnesota, listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Sears, Roebuck and Company Mail-Order Warehouse and Retail Store. In 2005, it was converted into the Midtown Exchange, including an international bazaar and food court known as the Midtown Global Market. Like the Landmark Center, the Midtown Exchange has a large medical group as a cornerstone in the building.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration of Sears building</h3><br>
<p>After purchasing the former Sears property, The Abbey Group (a Boston-based real estate concern) contracted the architectural firm of Bruner/Cott & Associates to convert it into a profitable rental space. Bruner/Cott took special consideration for the original character of the building while adding distinctive features including a seven-story tall interior space lit by oversized skylights that deliver natural light to interior office spaces. The conversion was recognized with awards including:</p><br>
<p>2001 Preservation Achievement Award, Boston Preservation Alliance</p><br>
<p>2001 Reconstruction Award, Building Design & Construction</p><br>
<p>2002 Preservation Award, Massachusetts Historical Commission</p><br>
<p>Derelict for a time before being reopened in fall 2000, the building now houses retail stores (including REI and Staples), a 13-screen movie theater, a 1,700-space parking garage, a sports complex and a day care center; as well as office space largely occupied by tenants related to the medical field and the nearby Longwood Medical and Academic Area: the anchor, Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Massachusetts occupied the majority until its departure in 2015, while most of the additional offices are rented by Harvard Medical School and the Harvard School of Public Health. Boston Children&#39;s Hospital has administrative offices as well, in addition to Harvard Pilgrim Health Care. Toast is currently the largest tenant in the building.</p><br>
<p>A food hall, Time Out Market, opened in 2019 on the ground floor of the building. Also in 2019, Trillium Brewing Company opened a taproom in a new greenhouse-like structure with outdoor seating area, on the grounds of 401 Park.</p><br>
<p>On January 5, 2021, Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc. disclosed that it was purchasing the Landmark Center for $1.52 billion (~$ in ) to continue developing the property as a life science hub.</p><br>
<p>Gratz Park is a neighborhood and historic district located just north of downtown Lexington, Kentucky. It was named after early Lexington businessman Benjamin Gratz whose home stands on the corner of Mill and New streets at the edge of Gratz Park. The Gratz Park Historic District consists of 16 contributing buildings including the Hunt-Morgan House, the Bodley-Bullock House, the original Carnegie Library, which now houses the Carnegie Center for Literature and Learning, and several other private residences. Gratz Park occupies a tract of land that was established in 1781 outside the original boundaries of Lexington.</p><br>
<p>The Park was the original site of Transylvania College until the building was destroyed by fire in 1829. The Transylvania campus was moved across Third Street to its present location.</p><br>
<p>At the northern edge of the park is the "Fountain of Youth," built in memory of Lexington author James Lane Allen using proceeds willed to the city by Allen. The park was deeded to the city of Lexington during the mid-20th century and is still used as a public park today.</p><br>
<p>The Gratz Park is bounded by West Third and West Second streets on the north and south, and by the buildings that line Mill and Market streets on the west and east. The park is open to the public. The Historic Christ Church Cathedral is located at the edge of the district at 166 Market Street. Several houses within the district are open to the public.</p><br>
<p>The historic district includes 18 buildings in total.</p><br>
<p>One is the 1904 or 1905 or 1906-built Classical Revival-style Carnegie library, at the south end of the park, designed by architect Herman L. Rowe (see photo 5 accompanying the NRHP document). It has a tetrastyle portico (observed in photo). It was built in 1906 of Bedford limestone at cost of $75,000. It was eventually replaced as the Lexington Public Library by a new, large central library on East Main Street.</p><br>
<h2>Neighborhood statistics</h2><br>
<p>Population in 2000: 194</p><br>
<p>Land area: 0.056 square miles</p><br>
<p>Population density: 3,494 per square mile (1,293.3/km)</p><br>
<p>Median household income: $22,233</p><br>
<p>The African-American Cemetery, known historically as the Colored Cemetery, in the town of Montgomery, New York, United States, holds the graves of roughly 100 humans. It is located on NY 416 a tenth of a mile  north of the Interstate 84 crossing, near the Wallkill River.</p><br>
<p>All the originally marked graves that have been identified have had the stones used to mark them supplemented with small pipes. Only two have any kind of discernible inscription, one of which dates its occupant&#39;s passing to 1756.</p><br>
<p>The site had grown neglected until the town and private donors undertook to fix it up in the early 1990s. It was fully restored and rededicated, with a new wooden fence and explanatory plaque, in 1995.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>Villard Hall is a historic building located in Eugene, Oregon, United States. Completed in 1886, it is the second-oldest building on the University of Oregon campus after University Hall. The Second Empire-style building was listed on National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>University Hall and Villard Hall were together designated as one USA National Historic Landmark in 1977.</p><br>
<p>Villard Hall was named for Henry Villard, a railroad magnate and philanthropist who was the University of Oregon&#39;s first benefactor. He provided financial aid to the university in 1886. Before its naming, Villard Hall was known as "the new building."</p><br>
<p>In 1949 a new 400 seat theater was built as an addition onto Villard Hall. Throughout the late 1950, 1960s and 1970, the studios and transmitter of KWAX were on the third floor. Also on the third floor were studios for KOAC TV, which connected to KOAC in Corvallis via a microwave link, housed in an "outhouse" on the northeast corner of the roof.</p><br>
<p>The building now houses the university&#39;s comparative literature and theater arts departments, as well as the Robinson Theater.</p><br>
<p>The USA Post Office in Beacon, New York, is located on Main Street . It serves the ZIP Code 12508, covering the entire city of Beacon and some of the neighboring areas of the Town of Fishkill. It is a stone structure in the Dutch Colonial Revival architectural style built in the mid-1930s. In 1988 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places along with many other older post offices in the state.</p><br>
<p>While its style was not uncommon for post offices of the era, its fieldstone exterior is. Only a few other New Deal post offices in the state, most of them in Dutchess County towns along the Hudson River, used it. President Franklin D. Roosevelt&#39;s preferred that new post offices in his native region echo the architectural preferences of his Dutch ancestors who had been among the earliest settlers of the Hudson Valley, and the success of the Beacon post office may have encouraged him in that respect.</p><br>
<p>It was also the only federal building in New York designed by architect Gilbert Stanley Underwood, who lived in Idaho and primarily worked on buildings in the national parks of the West, closer to his home. Inside the building, Charles Rosen painted a map of the Hudson Valley on the lobby walls, in addition to some murals depicting historic events in the area. Both interior and exterior remain largely as originally constructed.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The post office is located on the south side of Main about 0.6 mi east of Beacon&#39;s Lower Main Street commercial area. It is at the corner of Main and Veterans Street, a short distance east of where Eliza Street intersects across the street. The neighborhood is heavily developed and urban. On both sides of the street are similar large commercial and institutional structures, most one or two stories tall. an early work of Richard Morris Hunt also listed on the Register, two blocks east at the corner of Main and Tioronda Avenue, which runs alongside Fishkill Creek.</p><br>
<p>Behind the buildings on both sides of the streets are parking lots. To the southeast another Register-listed property, the 1709 stone Madam Brett Homestead, sits in the middle of a large woodlot on a block east of Teller Avenue. Otherwise the adjacent neighborhoods are residential.</p><br>
<p>The building itself has a minimal setback from both Main and Veterans streets. A group of coniferous trees screens the northwest corner; a white birch tree rises from the east side of the north (front) facade. Along the northeast corner is a driveway to the parking lot in the rear, with a small guardrail of metal set in fieldstone separating it from Veterans Street.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>It is a five-by-six-bay one-story rectangular building faced in uncoursed rough fieldstone. A three-bay wide middle section flanked by projecting one-by-three-bay wings. The two sections create a cross-gabled roof topped with slate and centered around a cupola. On the southwest and southeast corners the roofs are flat.</p><br>
<p>Three short steps lead up to the main entrance, with paneled wooden double doors flanked by decorative lanterns and topped with an 18-light transom set in a lintel with keystone. On either side are triple-hung eight-light sash windows with a similar treatment. The windows on the wings are six-over-six double-hung sash, also with gently keystoned lintels, except for the third bay from the south end, set with a four-pane casement window. At the south end is a covered platform with elevated loading dock.</p><br>
<p>On the north facade a denticulated cornice sets off the top of the first story of the middle section. It continues around the pedimented gable end, filled with a stucco tympanum. Within is a cast pewter eagle; below the words "United States Post Office Beacon New York" are spelled out in affixed metal letters in the entablature.</p><br>
<p>A molded wooden cornice is located along the roofline of the wings. Their gable ends are also stucco, but with a single louvered lunette in the center. The cornice continues along the south end of the main block, where it is topped with a parapet where the roof is flat. Brick chimneys rise from both flat sections.</p><br>
<p>The cupola has three stages. Its lower level is a square pedestal with molded cornice. Above it is a section with arched windows and pilasters. The third stage is an octagonal section with louvered vents. The roof of the cupola is a curved cone of lead-covered copper topped by a round finial that supports a weathervane.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>Behind the main entrance doors is a vestibule of glazed wood and glass. The marble floor, white with grey veins, is complemented by a six-foot high (2 m) dado of the same material around the room in which post office boxes are set along the south wall next to a single large customer window. Marble is also used for the pilasters supporting the segmental arches that give into the alcoves at either end of the lobby. Their intrados are coffered with decorative rosettes.</p><br>
<p>Above the dado the plaster walls feature a large mural depicting a map of the Hudson Valley, showing county boundaries and scenic highlights. At the ends, in the rear of the alcoves, the murals depict local historic landscapes such as Beacon Mountain. Above the murals is a frieze with triglyphs interrupted by metal grilles.</p><br>
<p>Four glass globes hang from the ceiling by metal chains, providing illumination. Customer tables are of glass with metal stands. In the northwest corner a railing with a curvilinear design runs along the staircase to the basement. To the south are the non-public areas of the building, which include offices and sorting rooms.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The city of Beacon was incorporated in 1913 following the merger of two small villages near the confluence of the Hudson and Fishkill Creek: Matteawan, in the area where the post office is presently located, named for a textile factory that used the creek for power; and Fishkill Landing, the area around Lower Main Street and the train station, 1+1/2 mi to the west on the river. It took its name from the mountain rising to its east, which had been the site of a bonfire pile meant to be lit as a beacon warning troops of the Continental Army in the valley if British ships were coming upriver in an attempt to retake it during the Revolutionary War. Its first post office was located at the corner of Main and North Cedar streets, two blocks west of the current location, in a building that, while constructed for that purpose, was only leased by the federal government.</p><br>
<p>It was always the government&#39;s intention to own its post office building in Beacon, and in 1931 amendments to the Public Buildings Act authorized the construction of over a hundred post offices in New York, including the current building at the current site, as an early response to the economic hardship of the Great Depression. However, it would be another four years until work actually began. After Congress appropriated $110,000 ($ in modern dollars) for the project in 1935, it took another two years to complete.</p><br>
<p>The choice of Colonial Revival as the architectural style for the new post office was not unusual; it was preferred for many of the new post offices built at that time in smaller communities around the country. The Beacon post office exemplifies many of the Colonial Revival&#39;s prominent features: large multipaned sash windows, symmetrical composition, gabled roofs with cupola, and pediments with fanlights. Originally, it was even more typical, as the triple-hung sash flanking the main entrance was 15-over-20 double-hung.</p><br>
<p>What distinguishes the Beacon post office from other Colonial Revival post offices of the era is its use of locally sourced fieldstone as a structural and facial material. Usually, brick was preferred for government buildings in the style. Beacons was the first fieldstone post office in the state; only a few other ones used it. Most of them are elsewhere in Dutchess County, further north up the east side of the Hudson River, in Wappingers Falls (now used as that communitys village hall), Poughkeepsie, Hyde Park and Rhinebeck.</p><br>
<p>Outside those four only the post offices in Ellenville and Harrison, in Ulster and Westchester counties respectively, use stone among New York post offices from the 1930s. Beacons successful use of fieldstone may have inspired President Franklin D. Roosevelt, a native of Dutchess County, to dictate its use in the other four post offices, as it had been the building material of choice for the early Dutch settlers of the region, including his ancestors. He later intervened across the river in Ellenville when residents there complained to him about the Post Offices plan to use brick in defiance of their wishes. However, those post offices all were designed in imitation of specific buildings (some no longer extant) from the colonial era; only Beacon and Harrison were designed like other contemporary Colonial Revival post offices.</p><br>
<p>Architect Gilbert Stanley Underwood was familiar with stone, having used it for his buildings in national parks in the West near his Sun Valley, Idaho, home, such as Bryce Canyon Lodge, the Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite National Park and Grand Canyon Lodge, all later designated National Historic Landmarks. He had been retained by the Treasury Departments Supervising Architect to help with the increased workload brought on by the expansion of public building projects during Roosevelts New Deal. Most of his work would be done in the West, and the Beacon post office was the only federal building he designed in New York, and a rare small building at a time when Underwood had been doing primarily large ones like the lodges and what is today the Harry S Truman Building in Washington.</p><br>
<p>Inside, Charles Rosen, who had been awarded the commission by the Treasurys Relief Arts Project (TRAP), painted the mural, one of 15 public artworks that program, which unlike the departments larger Fine Arts Section did not rely on competitions to select artists, sponsored in post offices around New York. In addition to the large map of the Hudson Valley, Rosen and his assistant Clarence Bolton painted small landscapes of the area with titles like View of Beacon from the River, The Old Power House and Waterfall, and The Old Swedish Church. Three years later Rosen was awarded the commission to paint similar landscapes of the Poughkeepsie area for that city&#39;s post office.</p><br>
<p>Since the post office was built, the most visible change has been the replacement of the front flanking windows. The other windows, originally 12-over-12 double-hung sash, have been replaced as well with their current six-over-six. Other windows, such as the small mezzanine windows that were once in dormers on the rear section, and an arched window on the south facade, have been filled in completely. Inside, the original teller windows have been replaced with one large one. Otherwise the building remains in its original condition and appearance.</p><br>
<p>The Beulah Brinton House is a historically and architecturally significant house at 2590 S. Superior Street in the Bay View neighborhood of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Beulah Brinton was an admired and important figure in Bay View&#39;s early history. In the 1870s new immigrant workers (primarily from England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, and Italy) flocked to Bay View to work at the Bay View Rolling Mill. As recent immigrants, they usually did not speak English, sometimes needed medical assistance, and were homesick and in need of recreation and a community. Brinton welcomed the workers and their families into her home, where she taught them how to read, sew, and perform other valuable skills.</p><br>
<p>In Milwaukee, Brinton organized neighbors’ relief efforts after the Great Chicago Fire of October 1871 and sought in 1886 to reconcile all parties in the wake of May’s National Guard shootings of a group agitating for the 8-hour workday.</p><br>
<p>To introduce Bay View residents to tennis, she built a tennis court in her side yard so they could learn and play the sport, which was relatively new to the United States. She kept tennis rackets in a box on her back porch so they were readily available. Brinton encouraged theater, and often played the piano so that couples could dance. Her collection of over 300 books became the first library in Bay View. What Brinton did with her home was similar to the efforts Jane Addams put into the more renowned Hull House (though Beulah Brinton house activities pre-date the Hull House).</p><br>
<p>When a neighborhood community center opened in 1924 in a former firehouse on Saint Clair Street, it was considered a direct continuation of her home service and named for her. Brinton came from Chicago to speak at its dedication; a proclamation for the event and a portrait of Brinton grace the lobby of a newer Beulah Brinton Center on Bay Street.</p><br>
<p>Beulah returned to her old home in 1926 to live with the family of her granddaughter Mabel Pickard and Ray Estes and died there in 1928. The Brinton house now serves as headquarters of the Bay View Historical Society.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The Beulah Brinton House is the headquarters for the Bay View Historical Society. It is frequently used in Society functions. The Bay View Historical Society Archives are upstairs, and are available for viewing during the afternoon of every third Saturday of the month. The Beulah Brinton house contains an archive of antiques in the home, including dresses, hats, photos, and paintings from the 1870s.</p><br>
<p>The former Lewis Tompkins Hose Company No. 1 Firehouse, sometimes known as 5/33, was the first built in what later became the city of Beacon, New York. Designed by Schuyler Tillman and Benjamin Hall in a Second Empire style, it was completed in 1893. It is located at 162 Main Street, a block away from NY 9D, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 6, 2004.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Lewis Tompkins</h3><br>
<p>Lewis Tompkins, was born at the family farm near Ashland (Greene County), August 5, 1836. Tompkins was descended from an old English family and related to Daniel D. Tompkins, vice-president of the United States from 1816 to 1820. When he was about seventeen, he began to learn the trade of hat finishing with Strong & Ruggles, of Ashland. In the summer of 1860 he went to Matteawan, where he was employed for with the Seamless Clothing Manufacturing Co. later he was in business as a clothier at Fishkill-on-the-Hudson. In 1873 he built a large hat factory near the river at Fishkill-on-the-Hudson, and Dutchess Hat Works was put into successful operation. The business grew and a branch was established at Tioronda, a mile away. He became the leading manufacturer of wool hats in the United States, and at his death his fortune amounted to several hundred thousand dollars.</p><br>
<p>He was greatly interested in local progress and was a member of the board of education at Matteawan, and was at one time president of the village of Fishkill-on-the-Hudson. It was largely through his endeavors that Matteawan and Fishkill-on-the-Hudson secured new school buildings. One feature of his enterprise was the erection of homes for his employees. The building of the hose house of the Lewis Tompkins Hose Co. was chiefly due to him. Highland Hospital was a charity which he supported. The family residence is appropriately named &#39; Edgewater, " being situated on the bank of the Hudson opposite</p><br>
<p>Newburgh, and commanded a lovely view up and down the river. He died at his home on the 9th day of January, 1894.</p><br>
<h2>Lewis Tompkins Hose Company</h2><br>
<p>Beacon Engine Company was organized in the Village of Matteawan on October 5, 1886. In the winter of 1886 in the village of Fishkill Landing, Beacon&#39;s second fire company, the Lewis Tompkins Hose Company was organized. Much of the funding came from Lewis Tompkins, who owned the Dutchess Hat Works in Fishkill Landing. The first piece of rolling stock to be used by the company was an 1886 hand drawn hose cart which soon outlived its usefulness. Upon the death of Tompkins in 1894, members of the company decided to name it in his honor.</p><br>
<p>The 1886 hand drawn hose cart apparatus was replaced in 1903 with a horse-drawn wagon. This wagon was drawn by Ben, a large greyish-white horse that served for fifteen years before retiring. Tompkins Hose the only Fire Company in either Fishkill-on-the-Hudson or Matteawan to own a firehorse, while the others companies had to obtain one as needed from one of the local stables. Ben was replaced in 1918 when the company became the proud possessor of a shiny red Ahrens-Fox fire engine. Ben was later buried in Glenham.</p><br>
<h3>Tompkins Hose Firehouse</h3><br>
<p>In 1885, Tompkins Hose Firehouse was built at 162 Main Street in Fishkill Landing. A two-story building, it featured a tower and fire bell. At a special election held December 19, 1905 Village voters approved a bond resolution to fund the construction of a third story to the firehouse.</p><br>
<p>Tompkins Hose Company re-located to new quarters at 13 South Avenue in 1982. The old firehouse was taken out of service, and hosted a number of local not-for-profit agencies before being redeveloped into a glass studio. The building is a contributing property to the Lower Main Street Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Re-development</h2><br>
<p>On April 8, 2005 Dutchess County Executive William R. Steinhaus announced an award for a local business, Hudson Beach Glass, of Beacon in the form of a low interest business loan in the amount of $300,000. The loan was part of an economic development project under Dutchess County&#39;s Community Development Block Grant Program (CDBG). CDBG funding is provided through the USA Department of Housing and Urban Development. County Executive Steinhaus said, “The development of the property not only enhances the Main Street in Beacon but will provide additional job opportunities to individuals that are low to moderate income.” County Executive Steinhaus added, “This project is a tremendous asset to the west end of Beacon’s Main Street. The retail showroom and glass workshop complement Beacon’s growing small business and arts culture.”</p><br>
<p>Michael Benzer and John Gilvey, partners in a studio line of art glass giftware, Hudson Beach Glass, purchased a property at 162 Main Street in Beacon NY, in the West End Historic District, that originally was Tompkins Hose Firehouse." Beacon City Mayor, Clara Lou Gould stated, “The Hudson Beacon Glass restoration of the historic Lewis Tompkins Hose Firehouse, a very visible building in the West End Historic District which is on the National Register, preserves an important part of the city&#39;s history. The use of the building to display and sell quality hand-crafted glass products is an attraction for both residents and visitors." On September 8, 2008 a plaque was placed on the old firehouse honoring the members of the Lewis Tompkins Hose Co.</p><br>
<p>Fort OBrien State Historic Site, also known as Fort Machias, preserves the remains of a fort located in Machiasport, Maine that was built and destroyed three times over a 90-year period. It was involved in military actions during the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is now managed by the Maine Department of Conservations Bureau of Parks and Lands, and is open between Memorial Day and Labor Day.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Fort O&#39;Brien is located on the western shore of the Machias River, a short way north of its mouth at Machias Bay and south of the village center of Machiasport. It is a roughly 2 acre parcel, with a small parking area and a grassy area near the riverbank where the fortifications originally stood. Earthworks and a flagpole mark the location of the Civil War defenses, while the Revolutionary War-era earthworks, located just to their north, are obscured by scrubby growth.</p><br>
<p>When the American Revolutionary War broke out in April 1775, the Machias area became one of interest to British authorities in besieged Boston as a source of lumber and supplies. An expedition to the area to acquire materials resulted in the naval Battle of Machias on June 11–12, 1775, in which a small Royal Navy ship was captured by the colonists led by Jeremiah O&#39;Brien, for whom the fort is named. After this event a number of fortifications were erected on the Machias River, including a four-gun battery at this point. This fortification was destroyed when the British returned in force in 1777, sparking a second battle.</p><br>
<p>In the War of 1812, American forces garrisoned the fort, which often held British POWs brought in by privateers. In 1814, the British returned to Machias, destroying this fortification and burning its barracks in 1814. A five-gun battery was installed at the site in 1863, during the American Civil War, but saw no action. Although its military equipment was removed, a Civil War-era 12-pound "Napoleon" cannon now stands on site.</p><br>
<p>The fortification was deeded to the state by the federal government in 1923.</p><br>
<p>The South Omaha Veterans Memorial Bridge  was a continuous warren through truss bridge over the Missouri River connecting Omaha, Nebraska with Council Bluffs, Iowa via USA Highway 275.</p><br>
<p>Omaha floated a $2 million bond issue for the bridge in 1931. However, when the bonds did not sell, the Omaha Bridge Commission was formed to secure financing from the Public Works Administration. The initial design by the Kansas City architects Ash, Howard, Needles and Tammen called for the bridge to have seven spans. However, when the War Department announced plans to reroute the river channel, the design was changed to two 525 ft, continuously supported, Warren through spans and a series of Warren deck truss approach spans.</p><br>
<p>It was built by the Kansas City Bridge Company opening on January 18, 1936. It is 22.2 ft wide and 2,126 ft long. The piers were initially on dry land, since the river had not been rerouted. Tolls on the bridge were discontinued on September 25, 1947.</p><br>
<p>The bridge provided a much-needed direct route across the Missouri River to the Omaha Stockyards for livestock delivery trucks. Before the South Omaha Bridge was built trucks had to cross the Douglas Street Bridge and drive through downtown Omaha to reach the packinghouse district.</p><br>
<p>Although listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992, the bridge was torn down so a new four-lane girder bridge could be constructed with a target opening date in 2010. The old bridge was 4,378 ft long and provided a clear roadway width of only 22 ft. In November 2006 Nebraska placed a 5-ton vehicle limit on the bridge. On June 11, 2008, an additional height restriction requiring vehicles to be under 8 ft was imposed. On September 8, 2009, at 9 am CDT, the bridge closed so that the new bridge&#39;s construction could continue. The original bridge was completely demolished by March 2010 and removed from the NRHP in 2011.</p><br>
<p>The new bridge opened May 28, 2010. It provides for four 12 ft and a 4 ft with 10 ft and a 10 ft. The new bridge is 4,300 ft long and 87 ft wide.</p><br>
<p>Twin Maples is an estate located at 8 Edgewood Road in the city of Summit in Union County, New Jersey, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 29, 1997, for its significance in architecture.</p><br>
<p>Twin Maples was purchased by the Fortnightly Club in 1949 and remains the home of the Fortnightly Club (established 1893), as well as the Summit Junior Fortnightly Club, both 501(c)3 charitable organizations. In 2007, the two clubs joined to renovate historic Twin Maples and opened her doors to area charities for their fundraising events and meetings at suitably low rates.</p><br>
<p>Fort Washington was a fortified position near the north end of Manhattan Island, at the island&#39;s highest point, within the modern-day neighborhood of Washington Heights in New York City. The Fort Washington Site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Establishment</h2><br>
<p>During George Washington&#39;s defense of New York during the American Revolution, Fort Washington and Fort Lee on the New Jersey side of the Hudson River were both created to prevent the British from being able to progress up the Hudson River as an escape route. General Washington assessed that a defense of New York against British forces would be necessary, but he did not believe that such a defense would be feasible given the limited resources available to Continental Army troops.</p><br>
<h2>Battle of Fort Washington</h2><br>
<p>Fort Washington was held by American forces under the command of Colonel Robert Magaw, who refused to surrender the fort to the British. He informed the British that he would fight to the last extremity.</p><br>
<p>As the fortifications served to restrict British forces access to northern Manhattan and the Colonial territory beyond, English General William Howe moved to seize the fort from Patriot command and thus open a route to extend British control of New York. At the time, Howe commanded a force of approximately 8,000 men, made up of Hessian soldiers under the command of Lieutenant General Wilhelm von Knyphausen as well as additional British soldiers. On November 16, 1776, Howe ordered an assault on Fort Washington. In the course of the assault, later known as the Battle of Fort Washington, Howes forces captured 2,838 American prisoners and secured a large store of supplies. Following the British-Hessian victory, the fort would be renamed Fort Knyphausen.</p><br>
<p>The English had been materially assisted by one of Magaws officers, William Demont, who on November 2 had deserted and furnished Howe with detailed plans of the American fortifications and troop placements. Official American casualties included 53 dead and 96 wounded in addition to the rest of the garrison taken prisoner. The British and Hessian troops suffered 132 dead and 374 wounded. American prisoners were later marched through the streets of New York City, facing the jeering and mockery of the citys large Loyalist population. Most of the prisoners were interned in British ships in New York harbor, where over 2,000 died of disease, cold, or starvation in the bitter winter. Approximately 800 survived to be released in a prisoner exchange the following year.</p><br>
<p>At this battle was Margaret Corbin, a Virginia colonist recognized as the first female soldier to fight in the American Army. Married to John Corbin of the First Company of the Pennsylvania Artillery, Margaret cleaned, loaded and fired her husband&#39;s cannon after he was killed in battle. Although severely injured, Margaret survived the encounter but never fully recovered from her wounds, leaving her permanently unable to use her left arm. She is believed to have been the woman or one of several women responsible for inspiring the legend of Molly Pitcher.</p><br>
<p>Fort Washington Lossing.pngLayout of Fort Washington from an 1850 book</p><br>
<p>View of the Attack Against Fort Washington.jpegA View of the Attack against Fort Washington and Rebel Redouts near New York on November 16, 1776 by the British and Hessian BrigadesWatercolor by Thomas Davies</p><br>
<p>Fort Tryon Memorial 20211113 195905759.jpgCapt. Molly memorial - Fort Tryon Park</p><br>
<p>Fort Washington 20211113 190302903.jpgBennett Park memorial – Fort Washington</p><br>
<h2>The site today</h2><br>
<p>The site of Fort Washington is now Bennett Park on Fort Washington Avenue between West 183rd and 185th streets in Washington Heights, Manhattan, New York City. The locations of the forts walls are marked in the park by stones, along with an inscription. Nearby is a tablet indicating that the schist outcropping is the highest natural point on Manhattan Island, one of the reasons for the forts location. Bennett Park is located three blocks north of the George Washington Bridge, which is between West 178th and 179th streets. Along the banks of the Hudson River, below the Henry Hudson Parkway, is Fort Washington Park and the small point of land alternately called "Jeffrey&#39;s Hook" or "Fort Washington Point", which is the site of the Little Red Lighthouse.</p><br>
<p>St. Peter&#39;s Church is a historic Episcopal church located on the corner of Third and Pine Streets in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It opened for worship on September 4, 1761 and served as a place of worship for many of the United States Founding Fathers during the period of the Continental Congresses. The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1996. The church remains an active parish; the current priest-in-charge is the Rev. Dr. Clarke French.</p><br>
<h2>Founding and erection</h2><br>
<p>By the mid-1750s, Philadelphia&#39;s Christ Church was becoming overcrowded. About 60 parishioners organized themselves into a committee, headed by Colonel Jacob Duché Sr., to build a new church.</p><br>
<p>St. Peter&#39;s was founded in 1758 in newly settled Society Hill with the first service held on September 4, 1761. The land used was donated in 1757 by Governor Thomas and Richard Penn, sons of William Penn. The Penn family coat of arms can be seen above the wine-glass pulpit and sounding board.</p><br>
<p>St. Peters was designed by Scottish architect/builder Robert Smith, who designed other noted buildings of the day, among them Carpenters Hall and the tower of Christ Church in Philadelphia, and Nassau Hall at Princeton University. Much of the £5,000 expense needed to build St. Peter&#39;s was raised by lottery.</p><br>
<h2>Early history and architecture</h2><br>
<p>St. Peter&#39;s and Christ Church were run jointly until 1832. William White, rector of both churches from 1779 until his death in 1836, was chaplain to the USA Congress during the Revolution, founder of the Episcopal Church of the United States in 1784, its first presiding bishop and first bishop of the Diocese of Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>Most of the church remains as it was in the eighteenth century. Smith designed it in the mid-Georgian auditory style, with the classical lines and clear glass windows of the Age of Reason. The pulpit and lectern are set at the opposite end of the aisle from the altar, projecting into the congregation, in order to focus attention on the Word of God, a reflection of the religious thought of the day. The original high-backed box pews, including Mayor Samuel Powels box which George and Martha Washington often frequented, were designed to retain heat in winter. With the advent of central heating, many churches removed their box pews, but since St. Peters services are conducted at both ends of the church, the original arrangement has been kept.</p><br>
<p>Slaves and servants of members sat on hard benches at the west end of the gallery. One of these slaves, Absalom Jones, became a highly respected leader of the free black community of Philadelphia. Together with Richard Allen, he founded the Free African Society, a non-denominational group. Later he founded the first African-American Episcopal Church, the African Church of St. Thomas, in 1794. He was ordained as the first black Episcopal priest in 1804.</p><br>
<p>The tower and steeple, designed by renowned Philadelphia architect William Strickland, were added in 1842 to house a chime of eight bells, donated by Benjamin Chew Wilcocks and cast at the Whitechapel Bell Foundry in London (which cast the Liberty Bell).</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>Some of the notable people interred in St. Peter&#39;s churchyard include:</p><br>
<p>Dr. Edward Hudson (1772-1833), dentist, Irish patriot, and nephew of Edward Hudson (dentist)</p><br>
<p>Charles John Biddle (1819–1873), American soldier, lawyer, congressman, and newspaper editor, son of Nicholas Biddle</p><br>
<p>Nicholas Biddle (1786–1844), American financier who served as the third and last president of the Second Bank of the United States</p><br>
<p>Samuel Breck (1771–1862), served as a member of the USA House of Representatives for Pennsylvania&#39;s 1st congressional district from 1823 to 1825</p><br>
<p>Gustavus Conyngham (1747–1819), officer in Continental Navy and privateer</p><br>
<p>Alexander James Dallas (1759–1817), American statesman who served as the 6th United States Secretary of the Treasury from 1814 to 1816 under President James Madison</p><br>
<p>George M. Dallas (1792–1864), American politician, 11th vice president of the United States from 1845 to 1849</p><br>
<p>Stephen Decatur (1779–1820), American naval officer and Commodore, killed in duel</p><br>
<p>Reverend Jacob Duché (1737–1798), rector of Christ Church, Philadelphia, first chaplain to the Continental Congress</p><br>
<p>Samuel Fraunces (1722/23–1795), restaurateur and owner / operator of Fraunces Tavern in New York City</p><br>
<p>Robert Graham (1841–1919), Medal of Honor recipient for heroism in action while serving aboard the</p><br>
<p>John Hazelwood (1726–1800), Commodore in the Pennsylvania Navy and Continental Navy</p><br>
<p>Joseph Reed Ingersoll (1786–1868), American lawyer and statesman</p><br>
<p>William Jones (1760–1831), Secretary of the Navy during the War of 1812</p><br>
<p>Robert Tait McKenzie (1867–1938), Canadian physician, educator, sculptor, athlete, soldier and Scouter, pioneer in Physical Therapy</p><br>
<p>John Nixon (1733–1808), made the first public proclamation of the Declaration of Independence and read it from the steps of the Pennsylvania State House, now known as Independence Hall</p><br>
<p>Charles Willson Peale (1741–1827), American painter, soldier, scientist, inventor, politician and naturalist</p><br>
<p>Raphael Peale (1774–1825), first professional American painter of still-life</p><br>
<p>Richard Peters (1743–1828), Pennsylvania lawyer, Continental Army soldier, Federalist politician, author and United States Federal Judge</p><br>
<p>Eliza Lucas Pinckney (1722–1793), plantation owner who developed indigo as a cash crop</p><br>
<p>Isaac Roach (1786–1848), fought in War of 1812, mayor of Philadelphia (1838–39)</p><br>
<p>John Rutledge Jr. (1766–1819), United States Representative from South Carolina, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</p><br>
<p>James Searle (1730–1797), American merchant, Patriot, and delegate to the Continental Congress</p><br>
<p>Raynor Taylor (1747–1825), English organist, music teacher, composer, and singer</p><br>
<p>Thomas Wignell (1753–1803), English-born actor and theatre manager</p><br>
<p>The chiefs of eight American Indian tribes, who died from Yellow fever while visiting Philadelphia in 1793 to meet with President George Washington, including:</p><br>
<p>Barkskin, Chief of the Penkishow Nation</p><br>
<p>La Gese, Chief of the Pottawatomie Nation</p><br>
<p>Apuatapea, Piankashaw War Chief</p><br>
<p>Bigigh Weautons, Wabash Nation War Chief</p><br>
<p>Toma, War Chief of the Pawaunia</p><br>
<p>Grand Joseph, Chief of the Veattonns Nation</p><br>
<p>Wapeteet, War Chief of Payagheya</p><br>
<p>Little Elk</p><br>
<p>The Rabideau CCC Camp was a Civilian Conservation Corps  camp in the Chippewa National Forest in northern Minnesota, United States. It is located off Beltrami County Highway 39, in Taylor Township, and is one of the best-preserved of the nation&#39;s many CCC camps. A National Historic Landmark, it now serves as an educational center.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The camp was established in 1935 as a project of Franklin D. Roosevelt&#39;s New Deal program. The camp, one of 2650 nationwide, was home to about 300 men aged 17–21. Like most CCC camps, the Rabideau camp was established to provide work to those unemployed as a result of the Great Depression. Enrollees at the camp came mostly from Northern Minnesota and worked on projects within the Chippewa National Forest, such as building roads and other facilities, surveying, wildlife protection, and other forestry activities.</p><br>
<p>Like most other CCC projects, the Rabideau camp was built for temporary occupation. Most CCC camps were abandoned when the United States entered World War II, and most of them fell into disuse. The Rabideau camp survived because the University of Illinois used the buildings for its engineering and forestry schools between 1946 and 1972. Unfortunately, the buildings, being mostly prefabricated and having insubstantial foundations, continued to deteriorate. Thirteen of the original 25 buildings remain, including the mess hall, five barracks, three officers&#39; quarters, the recreation hall, the hospital, the laundry building, and the education building.</p><br>
<h2>Historic status</h2><br>
<p>In 1999, the United States Forest Service began a three-year effort to stabilize and restore the Education Building. A contractor placed a foundation under the building, replaced the roof, and repaired some floors and siding. Throughout the next two years, a staff of 26 volunteers from the Forest Service&#39;s Passport in Time program spent nearly 1000 hours with general interior repairs.</p><br>
<p>The camp was designated a National Historic Landmark on February 17, 2006, as one of the best surviving examples of a CCC camp focusing on forest management and conservation.</p><br>
<h2>Repurposing</h2><br>
<p>The camp was recently repurposed as the Rabideau Conservation Academy and Learning Center, a year-round learning center for children and young adults from Cass County and Beltrami County. The project was sponsored by the Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe to provide learning opportunities, bolster self-confidence, and provide a path to jobs and higher education.</p><br>
<p>The Plummer House is the former residence of Dr. Henry Stanley Plummer and Daisy Berkman Plummer. Located in Rochester, Minnesota and originally called Quarry Hill, the English Tudor mansion stood on a 65 acre estate which included a greenhouse, water tower, garage, and gazebo. The house is also called Henry S. Plummer House.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Plummer, a Mayo Clinic partner and founder, worked very closely with Ellerby and Round, the architects of record, on the design of the house. The house includes many innovations that were quite novel for their time, including a central vacuum system, underground sprinkler system, intercommunications system, dumbwaiter, security system, electricity and gas lighting, the first gas furnace in the city, garage door openers, heated pool, water tower, and two caves going into the house and the water tower. The 5 story home is over 300 ft long, with 49 rooms including 10 bathrooms, 9 bedrooms, a 3rd floor ballroom, pipe organ, and 5 fireplaces. This translates to 11,000 square feet of living space and over 20,000 square feet total, including the basement and attached garage and greenhouse. There is a 220 ft long by 18 ft wide underground passageway connecting the main house to the caretakers cottage at the bottom of the hill.</p><br>
<p>After the death of Dr. Plummer in 1936, his wife, Daisy Berkman Plummer, and their two children, continued to live in the home until 1969. In 1971, Daisy Plummer and family gave the house with all its furnishings to the Rochester Art Center with the understanding that it would be operated as a Center for the Arts, to be used for music recitals and dance performances, as well as a setting for artists to create and show their work. The Plummer House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Today, Rochester Park and Rec maintains the building, and 11 acre of original estate, as a private rental facility. In the summer, the beautiful gardens make the Plummer House a popular venue for weddings. Visible from much of south west Rochester, the Plummer House and its water tower mark the summit of a Rochester neighborhood nicknamed Pill Hill, so called because it typically houses many Mayo doctors.</p><br>
<p>Dearfield is an extinct town and a historically black majority settlement in Weld County, Colorado, United States. It is 30 mi east of Greeley. The town was formed by Oliver Toussaint Jackson, who desired to create a colony for African American homesteaders. In 1910, Jackson, a successful businessman from Boulder, filed on the homestead that later became the town and began to advertise for "colonists." The name Dearfield was suggested by one of the towns citizens, Dr. J.H.P. Westbrook, who was from Denver. The word dear was chosen as the foundation for the towns name due to the precious value of the land and community to the town&#39;s settlers.</p><br>
<p>The first settlers of Dearfield had great difficulty farming the surrounding pasture and endured several harsh seasons. By 1920, the town had 200 to 300 residents, two churches, a school and restaurant. In 1921, the town&#39;s net worth was appraised at $1,075,000.</p><br>
<p>After the prosperous years of the 1920s, the Great Depression arrived and the town&#39;s agricultural success significantly declined. Settlers began to leave Dearfield in order to find better opportunities. By 1940, the town population had decreased to 12. Jackson desperately attempted to spur interest in the town, even offering it for sale. There was little interest in Dearfield. Jackson died on February 18, 1948.</p><br>
<p>A few buildings remain in Dearfield: a gas station, a diner, and the founders home. In 1995, the town was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In 1998, the Black American West Museum in Denver began to make attempts to preserve the towns site. It is a Colorado Registered Historic Landmark. A 2010 monument next to one of the remaining buildings contains information about the history of the site.</p><br>
<p>A 2001 state historical marker at USA Route 85 mile marker 264 near Evans, Colorado, includes a panel with the history of Dearfield.</p><br>
<p>Woolaroc is a museum and wildlife preserve located in the Osage Hills of Northeastern Oklahoma on Oklahoma State Highway 123 about 12 mi southwest of Bartlesville, Oklahoma, and 45 mi north of Tulsa, Oklahoma. Woolaroc was established in 1925 as the ranch retreat of oilman Frank Phillips. The ranch is a 3,700 acre wildlife preserve, home to over 30 different species of native and exotic wildlife, such as bison, elk and longhorn cattle. Woolaroc is also a museum with a collection of Western art and artifacts, American Indian material, and one of the largest collections of Colt firearms in the world. Also on display is Woolaroc, the aircraft that won the ill-fated Dole Air Race in 1927. Woolaroc features a nature trail and a living history area inviting visitors to experience the natural environment of Woolaroc, the life in a pre-Civil War 1840s mountain man camp.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The name Woolaroc is a portmanteau of the words woods, lakes, and rocks that are featured in the Osage Hills of northeast Oklahoma where Woolaroc is located. The name was originally intended for the ranch house, but it soon became the name for the entire Frank Phillips ranch.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Woolaroc Museum & Wildlife Preserve</h3><br>
<p>Woolaroc is owned and operated by The Frank Phillips Foundation, Inc. founded in 1937 by oilman Frank Phillips and his wife Jane Phillips. In 1944, the Phillips donated all of their personal holdings of Woolaroc grounds, facilities, animals, collections, and art to the foundation. At that time it was determined that the primary purpose of the foundation was to assure the operation and the preservation of Woolaroc. The foundation, a 501(c)(3), is headed by a board of trustees. The mission of Frank Phillips when he built Woolaroc in 1925 was to preserve the history of the West, educate, and entertain.</p><br>
<h2>Museum collection</h2><br>
<h3>Woolaroc aircraft</h3><br>
<p>The museum started out as a hangar in 1929 for the Woolaroc, a single-engine, single-wing Travel Air 5000 airplane initially designed by Clyde Cessna, that Frank Phillips sponsored in the Dole Air Race from Oakland, California, to Honolulu, Hawaii, in 1927. Woolaroc is the only plane from the race that still survives. It stands in its hangar at the Phillips Museum. Its sister plane, Oklahoma, also sponsored by Phillips, aborted the race at San Francisco because of mechanical problems.</p><br>
<p>Over the years Phillips continued to receive gifts, and made art acquisitions, and the museum grew room by room. The museum is 50,000 ft&sup2; and now has over 600 paintings, 300 bronzes, over 2,300 pieces of Native American art and artifacts, as well as many pieces of taxidermy that decorate the walls of the museum and lodge. The galleries feature some of the premier Indian and Western artists in America&#39;s history: Remington, Russell, Leigh, Moran, Couse, Johnson, Sharp, Balink, Hennings, Ufer, Berninghaus, Bierstadt, and others.</p><br>
<p>The second "WOOLAROC" plane was a B-17 "Flying Fortress", piloted by Ellison Miles, who later became an oil tycoon, but kept in touch with Frank Phillips during the war, writing back and forth. Mr. Phillps wanted to have the plane brought to his museum, but it was blown apart and salvaged for scraps right after Mr. Miles, and my Grandfather, John Qua (co-pilot) had finished their mandatory 25 grueling missions, and went home. They lost only one crew member in those missions, and on average, 3 out of 5 men actually made it through the 25 missions. Winston Toomey, the bombardier.</p><br>
<p>"LIBERTY LETTERS" is the name of the book written for Mr. Miles for his anniversary, and has the crew photo on the front with my Grandpa nest to him. They called it "LIBERTY LETTERS" because Mr. Ellison was from LIBERTY TX.</p><br>
<h2>Woolaroc Ranch Historic District</h2><br>
<p>Woolaroc Ranch Historic District, also known as Rock Creek Game Preserve, Frank Phillips Ranch, Phillips Osage Park and Woolaroc Museum and Wildlife Preserve, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 5, 2008. It is significant as a reflection of the time period and for its role in the petroleum industry of the time. It is also significant for its landscape architecture. Contributing resources include 18 buildings, 22 sites, 115 structures, and 17 objects. It was listed as a featured property of the week in a program of the National Park Service that began in July 2008.</p><br>
<h2>The Pioneer Woman models</h2><br>
<p>In 1928, E. W. Marland, founder of Marland Oil Company (later to become Conoco) and at that time one of the wealthiest men in the world, commissioned twelve miniature 3 ft sculptures that were submitted by US and international sculptors as models for the Pioneer Woman statue. The commission that Marland paid each sculptor has been variously cited as $10,000 and as $2,000 for each submission. The miniatures traveled to twelve cities where they were viewed by 750,000 people who cast votes for their favorite.</p><br>
<p>The twelve submissions included Protective by John Gregory; Determined by Maurice Sterne; Challenging by Hermon Atkins MacNeil; Affectionate by James E. Fraser; Self-Reliant by Alexander Stirling Calder; "Fearless" by Wheeler Williams; "Heroic" by Mario Korbel; Adventurous by F. Lynn Jenkins; Sturdy by Mahonri Young; Faithful by Arthur Lee; Trusting by Jo Davidson; and Confident by Bryant Baker.</p><br>
<p>The exhibition touched a popular chord in American culture of the time.</p><br>
<p>The winning statue nationwide was Confident, produced by British-born American sculptor Bryant Baker. It is believed that Marlands personal favorite was Trusting by Jo Davidson who had also sculpted statues of Marland, his wife Lydie, and his brother George. Time magazine ran a story about the competition and compared the competing designs:The pioneer woman selected was not the ugly one executed by Mahonri Young; it was not the demure one executed by Jo Davidson; it was not the brawny one of James Earle Fraser, nor the placid one of Arthur Lee, nor the fragile one of F. Lynn Jenkins. Nor was it Maurice Sternes, Hermon A. MacNeils, Alexander Stirling Calders, although these artists too were among those who made models for the competition. It was not John Gregorys sturdy female, snatching a musket from her moribund husband, although this one ran second in the balloting and won first place in three cities. Instead, it was Bryant Bakers striding figure of a woman whose skirts are blown backward in a prairie breeze, who carries a Bible in one hand, leads her scampish belligerent little boy with the other. This had received most votes in eleven cities; by far the largest total out of the 123,000 votes cast.</p><br>
<p>Bakers sculpture was unveiled in Ponca City in a public ceremony on April 22, 1930, when forty thousand guests came to hear Will Rogers pay tribute to Oklahomas pioneers. The finished statue of the Pioneer Woman Statue was 27 ft high and weighed 12,000 lb.</p><br>
<p>After financial reverses that included the loss of his company Marland Oil Company, E. W. Marland wrote a letter to his friend Frank Phillips on March 11, 1940.</p><br>
<p>Phillips sent art expert Gordon Matzene to inspect the bronzes and began bargaining with Marland for their purchase. In the end Phillips offered Marland $500 for each of the twelve miniatures. Matzene declared that the purchase was a wonderful bargain and the miniatures were removed from Ponca City along with other statues and artwork to become part of Phillips&#39; collection at Woolaroc where they are on display.</p><br>
<h2>Visiting Woolaroc</h2><br>
<p>Woolaroc is open year-round from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. CST Wednesday through Sunday and is closed on Monday and Tuesday. During the summer (Memorial Day through Labor Day), it is also open on Tuesdays. Bicycles are prohibited from entering the preserve.</p><br>
<p>The Río Piedras State Penitentiary, also known as Puerto Rico Island Penitentiary or Oso Blanco , was a correctional facility located in Río Piedras, Puerto Rico.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The institution opened in 1933 under the government of James R. Beverley, and came to substitute the Puerto Rico Prison established by Spaniards in the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>On April 17, 1991, a spectacular escape occurred which involved landing a helicopter in the prison, and some inmates escaped. Authorities blamed the infamous Papo Cachete as the mastermind behind the escape.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, the Government of Puerto Rico ordered the eviction of the state prison because it was deemed too expensive to readjust the structure to newer and modern facility standards.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, the government ordered the demolition of the property to make room for a scientific park, "Ciudad de la Ciencias". The College of Architects of Puerto Rico (CAAPPR) expressed their opposition to the demolition. The building was demolished in 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>In 1926, the Federal Government hired the architect, Francisco Roldán, to design the structure. In a new approach to rehabilitation policies, Roldán added a softer design in contrast to the harsh structures that used to be the prisons of the era.</p><br>
<p>The construction began officially in 1927 with the overview of a professional contracting agency and the use of prisoner workforce. The total cost of the project was $779,822. The prisoners were also used to cultivate the surrounding grounds in an effort to promote their contribution in the economy of the island.</p><br>
<p>The building bears a neo-moorish architectural style with touches of art deco accentuated by the main entrance to the complex. There, two female statues guard it from both sides, with a detailed arch that reads above a quote from the known Spanish feminist and sociologist Concepción Arenal that reads "Hate the crime and pity the criminal".</p><br>
<p>The complex featured 332 cells and 12 pavilions, a clinic, a psychiatric hall, a library, classrooms, workshops, a mess hall with capacity for 500 inmates, a kitchen and restrooms, all organized around an interior patio.</p><br>
<p>The structure also features guerites in the outer facade with bland-colored tiles to contrast its look with its austere appearance.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>The Santanoni Preserve was once a private estate of approximately 13,000 acres  in the Adirondack Mountains, and now is the property of the State of New York, at Newcomb, New York.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Santanoni Preserve was established by Robert C. Pruyn (1847–1934), a prominent Albany banker and businessman. Acquiring about 12,900 acres (52.2 km) in the Town of Newcomb, just south of the Adirondack High Peaks, Pruyn employed the distinguished architect Robert H. Robertson (1849–1914) to design a summer residential complex. Robert C. Pruyn&#39;s heirs in 1953 sold the Santanoni Preserve to the Melvin family, leaders in the business and professional community of Syracuse, New York.</p><br>
<p>The Melvin family continued to enjoy the camp for almost twenty more years, although maintaining it on a simpler scale. In 1971, one of the Melvins&#39; grandchildren, eight-year-old Douglas Legg, disappeared in the forest at Santanoni and was never seen again. The family, not caring to return to the scene of this tragedy, quickly contracted with the newly formed Adirondack Conservancy Committee of The Nature Conservancy to purchase the entire Santanoni Preserve. The furnishings were removed, and the Conservancy then resold the property to the state of New York for incorporation into the State Forest Preserve.</p><br>
<p>For two decades Camp Santanoni buildings were inadequately maintained by the state, since the intent, as required by the Article Fourteen of the New York State Constitution (providing for retention of Adirondack wilderness) was to remove improvements in order to return the Santanoni Preserve to a "forever wild&#39; condition.</p><br>
<h2>Camp Santanoni</h2><br>
<p>A residential complex of about forty-five buildings within the Santanoni Preserve, Camp Santanoni was one of the earliest examples of the "Great Camps of the Adirondacks". The complex now is known as the Camp Santanoni Historic Area and is a National Historic Landmark. At the time of completion, Camp Santanoni was regarded as the grandest of all such Adirondack camps.</p><br>
<p>Camp Santanoni has three main groupings of buildings:The Gate Lodge complex; the farm complex; and the Main Camp. The Robert H. Robertson buildings for the Main Camp were built in 1892–93. The farm buildings were designed around 1902 by Edward Burnett, the leading farm designer of the time. The Gate Lodge was designed in 1905 by William Adams Delano of the New York City architectural firm of Delano and Aldrich.</p><br>
<p>The Gate Lodge complex is situated at the edge of the hamlet of Newcomb, included an impressive gate Lodge with a monumental, stone, gateway arch and six staff bedrooms, a caretakers home, and assorted barns, wagon sheds and other buildings.</p><br>
<p>The farm complex, a mile farther into the estate, included a massive set of barns, three farmhouses and workers&#39; cottages, a stone creamery, workshop, chicken house, kennels, smoke house, root cellar and other service buildings. With imported and domestic breeds of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and poultry, Santanoni had probably the largest farm operation ever associated with a family estate in the Adirondacks. It supplied the camp with its meat and produce, while surplus dairy products were sold in Newcomb and sent to Albany for the Pruyns and their friends. Many Newcomb residents today still own milk bottles with "Santanoni" embossed on them in raised letters.</p><br>
<p>The Main Camp was situated 4.7 mi from the Gate Lodge complex, farther into the estate on the shore of Newcomb Lake, with an excellent view toward the Adirondack High Peaks. The central lodge was actually a grouping of six separate buildings—the main living and dining lodge with two bedrooms upstairs; four sleeping cabins with a total of seven bedrooms; and a kitchen and service building with seven staff bedrooms— all connected by a common roof and porch system. 1500 spruce trees were used in the log construction. With its log grill work on the eaves, birch-bark wall covering and hand-hewn beams in the two-story high ceiling of the main living area, half-log decorative patterns on many walls and doors, impressive fieldstone fireplaces, and other structural and decorative features, Santanoni is an outstanding example of rustic Adirondack Architecture and the craft of log construction.</p><br>
<p>Flanking the central lodge on the lake shore were a boathouse and an artists studio, built for Pruyns artistic son, Edward Lansing Pruyn. In the woods behind the main lodge were another caretaker&#39;s home, workshop, ice house, and assorted service buildings. A little farther away, on the road from the farm, were two more staff domiciles and another horse and carriage barn.</p><br>
<h3>Design</h3><br>
<p>Authors of a book (below) about the Santanoni Preserve have noted an influence of Japanese architecture evident in Robertsons design. Most apparent of these is a single roof and continuous porch that connects five of the six buildings. The dominant roof is stepped in the Japanese fashion and resembles a bird-in-flight, the symbolic phoenix, when seen from the air. The authors observe that owner Robert C. Pruyn had served as secretary to his father, Robert H. Pruyn, when the latter was appointed by President Lincoln in 1861 as minister to Japan. He was the second such ambassador since Commodore Perrys voyage had opened trade with this hitherto unknown realm. The Pruyns were well-connected in the business, political, and social life of the Empire State. Among many other involvements, Robert C. Pruyn was aide to Governor Dix, President of National Commercial Bank (now Key Bank), and a Regent of the University of the State of New York. Theodore Roosevelt and James Fenimore Cooper, Jr. were among the many distinguished visitors who regularly visited the Pruyns at their Adirondack camp.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>After two years efforts of a regional preservation organization, Adirondack Architectural Heritage, the state agreed in principle to retain most of the historic buildings of the Santanoni Preserve. Since 1993, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Adirondack Architectural Heritage and the Town of Newcomb have restored structures, assisted by grants for conservation and restoration from the federal Save Americas Treasures program, grants from the New York State Environmental Protection Fund, and other allocations from New York State. Funds from the Getty Foundation Grant Program assisted development of the Conservation Plan, which has guided all recent work.</p><br>
<p>Santanoni Preserve was included in a multiple property submission for listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 and was listed there in 1987. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Santanoni Preserve is open year-round. In summer, visitors can walk, bike, horseback ride, or ride a horse-drawn wagon down the historic road; in winter, they can cross-country ski or snowshoe. Many of the building interiors, especially at the main camp, are open seasonally. From July 4 through Labor Day, interpretive staff provide free tours at camp at 11 am, 1 pm and 3 pm daily.</p><br>
<p>The Santanoni Preserve is located on Newcomb Lake, north of the hamlet of Newcomb.</p><br>
<p>The Katahdin Iron Works is a Maine state historic site located in the unorganized township of the same name. It is the site of an ironworks which operated from 1845 to 1890. In addition to the kilns of the ironworks , the community was served by a railroad and had a 100-room hotel. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969.</p><br>
<p>The state&#39;s property contains Gulf Hagas, a canyon on the West Branch of the Pleasant River that is a National Natural Landmark. About a mile and a half downriver is another national landmark, "The Hermitage", a roughly 35 acre grove of large Eastern White Pine trees that is preserved by The Nature Conservancy. In 2003, the Appalachian Mountain Club acquired a 37,000 acre property upriver from Gulf Hagas that it named Katahdin Iron Works.</p><br>
<h2>Iron Works</h2><br>
<p>Early European surveyor Moses Greenleaf translated the Abnaki name Munnalammonungan for the west branch of the Pleasant River as "very fine paint." About 1820 he found Ore Mountain of orange, yellow, and red iron oxide pigments used for Abnaki paints. It was identified as a limonite gossan in 1843. Samuel Smith built a road from Brownville, Maine in 1841 and then built a company town where the West Branch of the Pleasant River flows out of Silver Lake. The town included the American Lumber Company sawmill, boarding house, cooperative store, town hall, school, post office, stables, and homes for 200 families. Stonemasons then built a 55-foot high rock blast furnace with water-powered blowers. They also built eighteen stone beehive kilns to convert wood to charcoal for producing about 2,000 tons of pig iron annually.</p><br>
<p>The gossan became the primary source of mined ore in 1845. The ore was roasted to drive off sulfur dioxide. Smith sold the operation to David Pingree who organized the Katahdin Iron Works. When pig iron sold slowly, Pingree built a puddling refinery to produce wrought iron. The Boston market for wrought iron remained poor, and the iron works ceased operation from 1857 until the American Civil War increased iron demand in 1863. When Pingree died, a group of Bangor, Maine businessmen formed the Piscataquis Iron Works Company to take over the operation in 1876. They refurbished the boarding house as the Silver Lake Hotel for the tourist trade; and hired a Swedish mining engineer in 1877 to improve the iron by reducing the silicon content.</p><br>
<p>The railway began operating in 1882, but a hurricane fanned sparks from the kilns into a fire which caused major damage to the plant. By 1885 a rebuilt plant was selling high quality iron for railroad car wheels and cruiser engines for the United States Navy. Production ceased in 1890 when the costs of diminishing supplies of charcoal became uncompetitive with large supplies of coke available to Pennsylvania producers.</p><br>
<p>The gossan deposit overlies a pyrrhotite deposit of iron sulfide ore. Assuming the depth matches the known surface area, this deposit would be among the world&#39;s largest sulfide deposits. However, the rural location and poor quality of the ore continues to make it uneconomic to mine.</p><br>
<h3>Bangor and Katahdin Iron Works locomotives</h3><br>
<p>The Bangor and Katahdin Iron Works Railroad was leased to the Bangor and Piscataquis Railroad in 1887. Annual conversion 10,000 cords (36,000 m³) of wood to charcoal exhausted local forests by 1888. Iron with lower sulphur content became available from Michigan. Most of the smelting equipment was shipped to Nova Scotia in 1890. The Bangor and Piscataquis Railroad became the Bangor and Aroostook Railroad in 1891. The Bangor and Aroostook Railroad discontinued train service to Katahdin Iron Works in 1922; but Katahdin Iron Works postmistress Sara Green operated a flanged-wheel automobile over the abandoned tracks until the rails were removed in 1933. The state has restored the blast furnace and one of the beehive charcoal kilns; these and some of the foundations for other buildings are all that remain of the mill and village.</p><br>
<p>Records from the mill can be found at the University of Maine&#39;s Fogler Library.</p><br>
<h2>Gulf Hagas</h2><br>
<p>Gulf Hagas is a 2+1/2 mi long water-formed canyon. The river falls 500 ft in the canyon, including multiple waterfalls. It is sometimes called the "Grand Canyon of the East". It is an eight-mile (round trip) side trip off the 100-Mile Wilderness section of the Appalachian Trail.</p><br>
<p>The Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, at 870 West Howard Avenue in Biloxi, Mississippi, is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Biloxi. It was designed by Theodore Brune and built by J.F. Barnes & Company of Greenville, Mississippi in 1902. The cathedral was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>Brune was a German-American architect who designed several churches on the Gulf Coast of Louisiana. The Gothic design for the Blessed Virgin Mother Catholic Church on West Howard Avenue was constructed after the original church was destroyed by the Great Biloxi Fire of November 1900 on the same site. Stained glass windows were donated to the church by Julia Dulion Lopez (1857–1918) in memory of her late husband in early 1906. The windows were built by Reis and Reis of Munich, Germany and installed by Frederick Thornley of New York.</p><br>
<p>Ward Hall is a Greek Revival antebellum plantation mansion located in Georgetown, Kentucky. The main house covers 12,000 ft&sup2, with 27 ft high Corinthian fluted columns.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mansion was built for planter Junius Richard Ward (1802–1883) and his wife Matilda (Viley) Ward circa 1857 on their 500-acre plantation in Scott County, Kentucky, in the Bluegrass Region. Matilda Viley was the sister of Capt. Willa Viley, a pioneer thoroughbred breeder of Scott County. He was first president of the Lexington Racing Association.</p><br>
<p>Junius Ward was a grandson of the Col. Robert and Jemima (Suggett) Johnson family of Scott County, Kentucky. This was an extraordinarily powerful political and economic family dynasty, whose members extended their influence by developing cotton plantations throughout the Mississippi Delta. Like Ward, many members had plantations in Washington County along the Mississippi River near Greenville, Mississippi. One of Ward&#39;s cousins, Lycurgus Johnson, owned Lakeport Plantation on the other side of the river near Lake Village, Arkansas. Many of these family members had plantation houses in the deep South and summer residences and plantations in Scott County, Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>The Wards had this Scott County mansion built as a summer residence. Their Kentucky plantation cultivated tobacco and hemp, and raised award-winning livestock, including racehorses. The Wards also owned a large cotton plantation near Leota Landing, Washington County, Mississippi, where they wintered. Their plantation house in Mississippi served as their winter residence.</p><br>
<p>Due to financial reverses following the Civil War, Junius Ward declared bankruptcy; he was forced to sell the Scott County plantation in 1869. Nearby planters bought the property in two lots. A later owner offered the property with the mansion to the Commonwealth of Kentucky, with the condition that it be used as the state capitol. The state declined.</p><br>
<h3>Design</h3><br>
<p>The mansion design is attributed to Major Thomas Lewinski. It is the embodiment of numerous Minard Lafever design elements from his 1829 and 1835 pattern books. It was built by Taylor Buffington, with the assistance of James Bailey, a free man of color.</p><br>
<p>It measures 62 ft and 69 ft, four stories, with a 14 ft, 65 ft central corridor on three floors. There are three rooms on each side of the central corridor, with the exception of the area set aside for the nautilus-chambered double elliptical staircase which rises three floors.</p><br>
<p>The floor plan is based on #17/18 of the 20 permutations within the Palladian grammar by Andrea Palladio, an influential 16th-century Italian architect. At each end of the central corridor on the main floor are front and rear entrances with cut-glass transom and side lights. The domestic servants&#39; cooking area and sleeping rooms in the basement represent one of the most intact antebellum basements in the country. In that period, the servants were enslaved African Americans. Slaves also served as laborers and artisans on the plantation: working with livestock and in the fields.</p><br>
<p>The original plantation had 500 acres. In its prime, it had "several brick dwellings for slaves and farm managers, a brick greenhouse, at least one and possibly more brick horse barns, a carriage house, a double brick outhouse, a carbide pump house, and a large tobacco barn."</p><br>
<p>The property was divided in 1869 and sold in two large lots. Another piece was later sold at the turn of the 20th century, but the mansion and 150 acres had been intact since 1904. When the complex was nominated in 1985, it consisted of this 150 acres. Some seventy-seven acres was considered in the nomination, as it contained the mansion and major part of outbuildings associated with the historic complex. Also on the property were later additions such as a Victorian horse barn and 1930s garage.</p><br>
<p>In the 21st century, the plantation complex of the mansion and related buildings is sited on forty acres. The complex is recognized as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>Ward Hall now serves as the headquarters of The Ward Hall Preservation Foundation, Inc. The foundation raised one million dollars to purchase the 40 acre estate.</p><br>
<p>Ward Hall is a Kentucky Landmark and the full complex is listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Shrine of the Holy Relics in Maria Stein, Ohio is the second largest collection of relics in the United States. It is a part of the historic Maria Stein Convent.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Father Francis de Sales Brunner, the missionary who led the Society of the Precious Blood, was a collector of relics. He was responsible for the first collection of relics in Maria Stein. Over the 19th century other relics were added to the core collection as a way of protecting them from the continuous strife of 19th-century Italy. In 1892 a separate "relic chapel" was established in which Sisters of the Most Precious Blood conducted a continuous vigil.</p><br>
<p>The collection of relics is the second largest in the United States with 1,100 relics, exceeded in number of relics only by Saint Anthony&#39;s Chapel in the Troy Hill neighborhood of Pittsburgh with five thousand.</p><br>
<p>Relics include body parts (usually bones) from saints or objects that belonged to a saint; they are held in high respect because they were individuals who are believed to have led exemplary lives.</p><br>
<p>The Sacred Heart Relic Chapel is a kaleidoscope of color, 18th- and 19th-century German carving, and relics distributed throughout. The "relic chapel" is connected to a larger chapel that in turn is the central feature of an interesting 19th century brick convent. A 2007 segment on National Public Radio describes this unique collection of relics. These relics include a splinter of the True Cross and a splinter of bone from St. Peregrine, the patron saint of patients with cancer. Built in 1846, the shrine was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. The Heritage Museum on the second floor of the convent showcases life during the early years of the community. Even today southern Mercer County is predominantly Catholic, a reflection of 19th-century immigration patterns.</p><br>
<p>University Hall, formerly Deady Hall, is a historic building located in Eugene, Oregon, United States. It was built from 1873 to 1876 by W. H. Abrams to a design by architect William W. Piper. It was the University of Oregons first building, and remained the universitys only building for almost ten years after its construction. After the university gained other buildings, it was known simply as the "Old Building", but in 1893 it was renamed "Deady Hall" in honor of Matthew Deady, Oregons first federal judge. Ironically, Deady believed that state universities were of little use to anybody, and in 1857, during the Oregon Constitutional Convention, Deady moved to strike the section authorizing a university from the Oregon State Constitution. His efforts were initially successful, although by the 1870s a state university had become inevitable, and the building that bears his name was constructed in spite of Deadys earlier objections. In another twist of fate, Deady was first president of the university&#39;s Board of Regents.</p><br>
<p>University Hall is variously described as simplified Italianate with Second Empire details or simply as Second Empire (though not as elaborate an example as Villard Hall).</p><br>
<p>This building was listed on National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>At the Oregon Constitutional Convention in 1857, Matthew Deady had advocated for discrimination towards African-Americans, who were not allowed to settle in the new state. Because of these views, Deady Hall became a target of an effort to remove his name from the building. On June 10, 2020, UO President Michael Schill sent a letter to the Board of Trustees recommending renaming Deady Hall because of Deadys racist views. On June 24, 2020, the University of Oregons Board of Trustees announced that the name "Deady" would be removed as the name of the hall until a date when a new name can be chosen. In the interim, the hall will be named "University Hall."</p><br>
<p>Citizens Hall is the government office building and a community meeting place for the town of Lyndeborough, New Hampshire. Built in 1889 in the Stick–Eastlake Style, but one that is also heavily influenced by the Greek Revival, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its importance as a community/social center for the town. It is located on Citizens Hall Road in the village of South Lyndeborough.</p><br>
<h2>Origins</h2><br>
<p>Citizens Hall was constructed by the Town of Lyndeborough between September 1888 and January 1889 to house the Lafayette Artillery Companys armory and its annual February 22 Levee and Ball. Started in 1877, the Levee and Ball had become the towns most anticipated event, bringing hundreds of guests into the community. By 1888 the event had grown too large to be hosted by South Lyndeboroughs three major events facilities, the Baptist Church, Tarbells Hall (above Tarbells Store), and Artillery Hall (above the depot). Therefore, the Lafayette Artillery raised $275 and purchased part of an apple orchard occupying a high point in the village along the road to Temple (now Citizens&#39; Hall Road) with the intention of constructing a new headquarters and social facility.</p><br>
<p>However, the Artillery was unable to raise the funds to construct a headquarters. Therefore, the group petitioned the town to build the structure for it. At a town meeting in March 1888, after much discussion, the town voted in favor of spending $2,000 on the new building, but only if the structure would serve the community as a whole. The Artillery agreed to rent space in the building for its office and armory, and the town also voted to set aside space for a town library. (For some unknown reason, the library never was housed in Citizens&#39; Hall despite the vote.)</p><br>
<p>Over the course of the next several months, construction of what would become Citizens Hall was delayed as a group of townspeople petitioned the Hillsborough County Superior Court to overturn the towns March vote. When their petition was denied, the group was able to call a special town meeting to reconsider the issue. In September, after another lengthy discussion, the town voted to table the articles before them, and within days a granite foundation had been set in place.</p><br>
<h2>Plan and construction</h2><br>
<p>During the summer prior to construction, the Citizens&#39; Hall building committee—composed of Civil War veterans and local politicians Jason Holt, B.G. Herrick, and Fred Richardson, as well as Lafayette Artillery members Andy Holt and Charles Henry Holt—designed a simple structure resembling the nearby Baptist Church. Like the church, the main body was designed in the Classical Revival style, with its pediment facing the road. The facade, however, was designed in the then-current Eastlakes/Stick style, a popular Victorian architectural style which originated in upstate New York. The facade includes a cross-gabled hip roof, and the front porch a decorative truss and diagonal support braces typical of this style.</p><br>
<p>After the town approved the project in September 1888, work proceeded rapidly on the structure. Artillery member D. C. Grant, through his company D. C. Grant and Sons, headed the construction effort, and the town purchased building materials from Whiting and Sons and other companies in nearby Wilton, New Hampshire. As a result, portions of the structure are vaguely similar to features on a storefront (now used as a restaurant) and an adjacent house on Wilton&#39;s Main Street.</p><br>
<p>People entering the building through the main (north) entrance were met with a floor plan that featured two staircases on either side of the entrance, both of which led to the second-floor grand hall. The first-floor lobby included a ticket window on the east wall, behind which was the Artillery&#39;s meeting room; as well as another small pass-through opening to the "clothes room" (or "cloak room") behind the west wall. The pine trim was painted an off-white color, in contrast to the medium-grey plaster walls, and the wainscotting and plank floor were stained brown.</p><br>
<p>Beyond the front hallway was the banquet hall, the walls of which were lined in horizontal painted wooden boards. In the southwest corner was the armory, where the Artillery kept its munitions and uniforms, while in the southeast corner was the kitchen (although this room remained unfinished until 1890). A passageway between the two rooms led to the connected outhouse, or "backhouse."</p><br>
<p>In the kitchen was another staircase, this one leading to the stage area in the second floor hall. North of the stage was the ballroom, with its 14-foot ceiling and large windows. Patrons accessed the second floor of the backhouse as well as the attic stairs from the backstage area.</p><br>
<p>On January 5, 1889, the Artillery held its first meeting in the not-yet-completed building. Ten days later, former Artillery captain Joel Tarbell and his wife, Esther, held the first public event in the halls history: their golden wedding anniversary. Sixteen days later, the Artillery and the town formally dedicated the building. Although "Union Hall" had been mentioned as a possible name for the structure, "Citizens Hall" appears to have been chosen to emphasize that the building belonged to the community, not only to the Civil War veterans and Artillery members who asked that it be built. The first February 22 Levee and Ball to be hosted in the building was held on February 22, 1889.</p><br>
<h2>1889-1997</h2><br>
<p>In its early years, Citizens Hall was used as the primary social-gathering site in South Lyndeborough. The Lafayette Artillery held drills in the ballroom and dinners in the dining room, and stored most of its arms on-site. (The groups 1844 brass cannon was kept in a shed adjacent to Citizens Hall.) The group also hosted public events, including the annual Washingtons Birthday Levee and Ball, until after World War II. On the occasion of the annual ball, Artillery members would erect a 50-foot flagpole atop Citizens&#39; Hall, from which they would fly the company flag.</p><br>
<p>The Town of Lyndeborough appropriated money to complete the interior of the building in the early 1890s, and in 1910 purchased a pressed-tin ceiling for the ballroom. In the 1920s, when South Lyndeborough received electricity, the Artillery paid to have the building wired, and purchased new electric light fixtures to replace the old gas lamps. The original gas lamp above the front entrance to the building was wired and re-used as an electric light. The 1920s electric lights, as well as the lamp above the front doors, are still in use as of December 2009, and are considered essential elements of the building&#39;s historic value.</p><br>
<p>In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the Artillery shared Citizens Hall with the Grand Army of the Republics Harvey Holt Post. The GAR was responsible for introducing Memorial Day celebrations into Lyndeborough, and Citizens Hall played an important role in the annual occasion. (The Artillery began organizing the event in the 1930s.) The post also procured a cannon which had been used at Fort Constitution in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, during the Civil War. This naval cannon, named the Hartshorn Memorial Cannon for former Artillery member and Civil War casualty John Alonzo Hartshorn (pronounced HARTS-horn), was placed in front of Citizens Hall in 1902. In 1934, by town vote, it was removed to the South Lyndeborough common, and in 2009, amidst some controversy, it was moved to Lyndeborough Center. Although the cannon remains in Lyndeborough, technically it is on loan from the federal government.</p><br>
<p>By the 1950s, as interest in the Lafayette Artillery Company ebbed and the Washingtons Birthday celebration ceased as an annual event, the condition of Citizens Hall declined. Occasionally the town would spend money to repair the structure, as in the 1950s when the Board of Selectmen voted to purchase new windows, replace sills, and add a second-floor fire-escape door to the building. Finally, in the mid-1960s the towns population—which had more than doubled since 1930—necessitated the movement of the annual Town Meeting from the old town hall at Lyndeborough Center to Citizens Hall. Subsequently, the Board of Selectmen, Police Department, and other town agencies also moved into the building. A $20,000 renovation—utilizing volunteer labor—resulted in the construction of bathrooms, the introduction of a heating unit, and moderately better insulation for the building, but much of Citizens Halls charm was covered or painted over. Neglect of the building continued into the 1990s, by which time the town was faced with the question of whether to build a new town hall or more properly renovate Citizens&#39; Hall.</p><br>
<h2>Renovation of 1998-2000</h2><br>
<p>By the 1990s, Citizens’ Hall was in severe disrepair. In 1988 the second-floor hall was closed to public functions because of possible structural and fire hazards. The police department made the space its own for a few years, during which time the ballroom deteriorated further. Rust spots became noticeable on the ceiling, the floor became worn under the desks and chairs of department personnel, and artifacts were screwed, taped, or otherwise affixed to the plaster walls and wood wainscoting. The first floor looked even worse, as the Board of Selectmen made a decision to forego basic maintenance in an effort to persuade the town to vote on the building&#39;s future.</p><br>
<p>Initially, the Selectmen and the town supported a renovation project that included digging out the basement of the building for use as storage space and, perhaps, a police department. That plan was abandoned, however, when workers came upon a natural spring beneath the building. Making matters worse, the Fire Marshal threatened to close the building if Citizens’ Hall was not brought up to code, and a Nashua architect suggested that the town would be better off constructing a new town office building.</p><br>
<p>In 1998, after several years of disagreement between the Lyndeborough Board of Selectmen and the towns Budget Committee, the town was asked to vote on two plans: one to renovate Citizens’ Hall for $263,885, or build a new town hall on donated land outside the historic district at Lyndeborough Center for $327,500. A third plan, offered by budget committee members Wayne Fullerton and Burton Reynolds, involved the allocation of $186,600 to renovate the first floor of Citizens’ Hall and address the buildings major structural problems. In presenting the plan, the budget committee members admitted that the renovation would not address all of the town&#39;s immediate needs, but would be “better than what we have.” The plan also assumed that volunteers would step forward to keep the costs of renovation down. After about eight hours of discussion, the town voted for the $186,600 plan.</p><br>
<p>To oversee the renovation, the Board of Selectmen appointed a building committee consisting of builder Phil Brooks, former selectman Bill Stephenson, and three other local residents. However, as the interest of the three others waned, Brooks brought other members aboard: Lafayette Artillery members Walter Holland and Edna Worcester; historian and lifelong resident Stephanie Abbot Roper; geographer Scott Roper; and carpenter, lifelong resident, and Artillery member Walter Holt. Brooks, who contributed tremendous amounts of time and materials to the project, coordinated volunteer efforts with Worcester, while Holland and Holt initiated the demolition and construction stages of the renovation. Stephanie and Scott Roper researched the buildings historic features, determining which features of the building should be preserved or restored, and spent considerable time restoring the foyer wainscoting to its original, stained (not painted) appearance. Scott Roper, who with Phil Brooks served as the groups unofficial media liaison, worked with the New Hampshire Division of Historic Resources to determine the building&#39;s historical significance, and eventually wrote the nomination form that led to the building being placed on the National Register of Historic Places in December, 1999.</p><br>
<p>Over eighteen months, with the help of local architect Ron Ravenscroft and more than eighty volunteers, not including several local contractors who worked voluntarily at below-market wages, the town completed the renovation of Citizens Hall. The front hallway, stairs, and second-floor hall, as well as the buildings façade, were identified as the buildings most important historic features, and were restored as best as possible to their 1920s appearance. The former clothes room became the Selectmens Office, and the former Lafayette Artillery office—later a police department office—was enlarged as the office of the town clerk and tax collector. The former kitchen was expanded and made into the Police Department office, while the former dining hall was made smaller and turned into a meeting room and two offices for the Selectmen. The beaded board formerly on the walls of the dining hall was cut and turned into wainscoting (with a new chair rail to match the original chair rail in the front hallway), and the dining room&#39;s original pine floor was refinished and made a key feature of the new meeting room.</p><br>
<p>The use of volunteers saved so much money that the committee was able to renovate the second floor, so that it could be used for public functions again. On February 22, 2000, the Lafayette Artillery held its first Washington&#39;s Birthday celebration in nearly a half-century to celebrate the completion of the renovation, and in March the town held its first Town Meeting in the building since the mid-1980s. A year later, volunteers received citations from then-New Hampshire Governor Jeanne Shaheen for their work.</p><br>
<p>The renovation also was significant for those who took part in it. Renovation Committee member Walter Holland was elected first to a position on the town Budget Committee, and subsequently to that of Town Moderator. Stephanie Roper became a Budget Committee member and, later, Supervisor of the Checklist. Scott Roper was elected to the Board of Selectmen in 1999 and reelected in 2002. Several others who took part in the renovation also were elected or appointed to positions in town government once the project was completed.</p><br>
<h2>Since 2000</h2><br>
<p>Since 2000, Citizens Hall has been more appreciated by local residents. In 2002, the Board of Selectmen voted to paint Citizens Hall—which previously always had been white—a light grey color to contrast with the buildings white trim. The board hoped to convey the buildings architectural importance to the town by emphasizing the nineteenth-century stickwork and trim that few who use the building notice.</p><br>
<p>Today, Citizens Hall continues to be used for social functions. The Artillerys Washingtons Birthday celebration was observed annually each February from 2000 through 2007, and the building occasionally is used for town meetings and other community events. Additionally, the meetings of the town Budget Committee, Emergency Planning Committee, Conservation Commission, Planning Board, Zoning Board of Adjustment, and Selectmen, not to mention the offices of the Town Treasurer, Town Clerk/Tax Collector, Building Inspector, and Police Department, are located in Citizens Hall.</p><br>
<p>The Oregon Historic District is a neighborhood in Dayton, Ohio. The Oregon District includes one of the earliest surviving combinations of commercial and residential architecture in Dayton. Examples of Dayton&#39;s architectural history from 1820 to 1915 line the brick streets and lanes in this 12 square block area. Styles range from Federal to Queen Anne. Excellent examples of late Victorian commercial and residential architecture illustrate both the entrepreneurial success and the increasing affluence of many Oregon merchants and residents. The district is populated with art galleries, specialty shops, pubs, nightclubs, and coffee houses.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>The origin of the name "Oregon" for the area is uncertain but is known to have been in use at least as early as 1845. In 1974, Oregon was registered on the National Register of Historic Places, between Patterson Blvd. and Wayne Ave., north to Gates St. and south to USA Route 35, and Downtown Dayton (No. 75001506). City of Dayton Ordinance #24358-9.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The architecture of the Oregon Historic District includes examples of Federal, Italianate, Greek Revival and Queen Anne.</p><br>
<h2>People</h2><br>
<p>Daniel C. Cooper</p><br>
<p>John H. Balsley</p><br>
<p>The John A. Wilson District Building, popularly known simply as the Wilson Building, houses the municipal offices and chambers of the Mayor and the Council of Washington, D.C. It was originally called the District Building. In 1994, it was renamed in recognition of former Council Chair John A. Wilson. Completed in 1908, during the administration of 26th President Theodore Roosevelt, the building is a contributing structure to the Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>The original site of the John A. Wilson Building was a streetcar power station that a fire had destroyed in 1897.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>With the "Public Building Act" of 1902, the United States Congress authorized $550,000 for the purchase of the property and an additional $1.5 million (later increased to $2 million) for the construction of a new District municipal building. Previously, the D.C. government had been housed in the old District of Columbia City Hall, a historic neoclassical styled structure on Indiana Avenue, constructed 1822–1849 by George Hadfield.</p><br>
<p>A competition for the design of the new District Building called for "classic design in the manner of the English Renaissance". The Philadelphia firm of Cope and Stewardson won the contract, and construction started in 1904. The building was dedicated on July 4, 1908 by Henry MacFarland, President of the Board of Commissioners. While the building has continuously served as the municipal offices of the District&#39;s local government, the United States Department of War housed 200 visiting servicemen there during World War II.</p><br>
<p>In 1977, twelve gunmen took about 150 people hostage at three sites around the District of Columbia. During the crisis, later known as the 1977 Hanafi Siege, two of those gunmen held about a dozen hostages inside the council chambers on the fifth floor of the District Building. Then-councilman Marion Barry was hit by a stray bullet during the commotion, which left two others dead, including DC Protective Services Police Officer Wesley Cantrell. The press room at the Wilson Building is named in memory of Maurice Williams, a 24-year-old reporter killed during the attack.</p><br>
<p>In 1995, two-thirds of the Wilson Building was leased to the federal government for a period of 20 years due to the district&#39;s inability to pay for needed repairs; during that time, the district paid approximately $8 million per year to the General Services Administration to lease back the space. The district government was able to regain use of the entire building after the United States Congress approved funds for major renovations. The offices of Mayor Anthony Williams and DC Council were temporarily relocated to One Judiciary Square.</p><br>
<h2>Exterior</h2><br>
<p>The District Building was designed in the American Beaux Arts classical revival style and takes up the entire block between 14th and 13 1/2th Streets NW, south of Pennsylvania Avenue across from Freedom Plaza. The base of the building is made of grey granite from Maine, while the upper four stories are constructed of white marble from New York. The main entrance to the building features an eagle with outstretched wings surrounded by two sculptures representing "Justice" and "Law." The fifth (attic) story features alternating male and female sculptures of heroic figures that represent: sculpture, painting, architecture, music, commerce, engineering, agriculture, and statesmanship.</p><br>
<p>In January 2005, the statue of Alexander Robey Shepherd, Governor of the District of Columbia from 1873 to 1874, was restored to its original location in front of the Wilson Building at the northwest corner. It had been removed in 1979 during the first year of Mayor Marion Barry&#39;s administration.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>Following the District of Columbia Home Rule Act, the appointed Mayor-Commissioner form of government was replaced by a locally elected Mayor of the District of Columbia and Council of the District of Columbia who maintain their offices within the Wilson Building. The D.C. Council chamber, committee rooms, and legislative staff offices are also in the building.</p><br>
<p>In October 2006, the DC Commission on the Arts and Humanities opened the City Hall Arts Collection. Art pieces from a diverse group of D.C.-area artists are on public display throughout the building. Works include a glass casting by Michael Janis of the Washington Glass School; paintings by Felrath Hines (former chief conservator of the Hirshhorn Museum), Sylvia Snowden, and Mark Cameron Boyd; photographs by Alexandra Silverthorne, Harlee Little, and Max Hirshfeld; and sculpture by Jae Ko. The portrait of John A. Wilson on display at the main entrance is by renowned portrait painter Simmie Knox.</p><br>
<p>Old Main is a collection of five buildings joined together at central campus of Marshall University in Huntington, West Virginia. It is located at the junction of Hal Greer Boulevard and Fourth Avenue. The original structure was completed in 1868 , with four other additions that was completed at various intervals until 1907. It is a landmark structure on campus, its towers becoming a "symbol of the university."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Old Main occupies a site that was once known as Maple Grove. Before the city of Huntington was incorporated, the location was known more for its virgin timber and its grassy fields than the city that would come to occupy it later. In the 1820s, several local farmers constructed a one-room log cabin that was named the Mount Hebron Church that was used for worship. It was also used as a school during the winter months. In 1837, the farmers decided upon a more substantial school. It was petitioned to the Virginia General Assembly which passed on March 13, 1838. It was named Marshall Academy after John Marshall who had died in 1835; he was a friend of John Laidley, a leading proponent for the school.</p><br>
<p>In 1839, a two-story brick building was constructed at Maple Grove. The new addition would be three stories tall and include a chapel. Construction began two years later, however, due to a lack of funds, only the first floor chapel was completed in the addition, and the third floor addition had not been started.</p><br>
<p>Funding issues and the American Civil War halted the construction of the western addition and the third floor until 1867 after the state of West Virginia took control of the college from Virginia. Just three years later, another addition was completed on the west side; a veranda was also constructed that ran the entire length of the structure.</p><br>
<p>In 1897, the 1839 building was demolished because the three interconnected structures had become too small.</p><br>
<h3>New building takes shape</h3><br>
<p>In 1895, appropriations were passed for the construction of a new structure.</p><br>
<p>In late December 1897, the new female dormitory, "Normal Hall", was completed; it was accepted by the Board of Regents the following year. It was then titled "Ladies Hall" followed by College Hall. After the 1898 building and its attachment to the 1870 building was completed, it still remained separated from the 1896 building.</p><br>
<p>In 1899, the "Annex" addition from 1870 and the building constructed in 1896 were combined; the easternmost section of the 1896 building was demolished to make room for the new structure. In 1906, a western extension of Old Main was completed. This required the removal of the large bell tower that had once stood in the 1870 addition.</p><br>
<p>In March 1905, additional monies were appropriated for the construction of a new structure. Called "University Hall," the western attachment to the 1896 building included a commencement hall, eight recreation rooms, five restrooms, two cloak rooms, a study hall, library and gymnasium. Construction began in July 1905 when demolition began on the western tower if the 1896 building. The addition was completed in 1907.</p><br>
<p>In 1937, the building, which had no official name prior, was coined Old Main in a Marshall College catalog. In 1973, Old Main was placed on the National Register of Historic Sites.</p><br>
<p>The Chautauqua Auditorium is a wooden building constructed for the first season of the Colorado Chautauqua in 1898, and through the years has been a venue for many lectures, musical performances, and motion pictures both primitive and modern.</p><br>
<p>Located at the Colorado Chautauqua in Boulder, Colorado, it was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Construction and renovation</h3><br>
<p>On May 12, 1898, construction of the Chautauqua Auditorium commenced; it was completed in time for the opening of the first Texas-Colorado Chautauqua season on July 4, 1898. The wooden building had dirt floors, covered with sawdust, and simple pine benches.</p><br>
<p>The center section of the dirt and sawdust floor was replaced with a concrete floor in 1918, and at the same time some of the original pine benches were replaced with 586 "opera chairs".</p><br>
<p>In the 1970s, about the time the building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places, it was in a dilapidated condition. A combination of two factors—the NRHP designation and the decision of the Colorado Music Festival to call the Chautauqua Auditorium its home—provided the impetus for a general renovation of the structure. Broken seats were replaced, the roof was repaired, and loose boards were reattached or replaced. The overall design of the building, however, remained unchanged. The acoustics of this wooden building remain as they have been.</p><br>
<p>As of 2024, it is still possible to see daylight through the cracks in the walls of the Auditorium. However, it is no longer possible to see the Moon and stars through cracks in the roof.</p><br>
<h3>Notable early speeches and lectures</h3><br>
<p>Henry Watterson of Kentucky spoke on opening day, July 4, 1898.</p><br>
<p>William Jennings Bryan first appeared at the Auditorium on July 12, 1899. He would return, with evangelist Samuel Porter Jones, for Jones/Bryan Day in 1905.</p><br>
<p>Republican and Democratic orators were invited to give campaign speeches for their respective presidential candidates, William McKinley and William Jennings Bryan, in 1900. Jonathan P. Dolliver spoke on August 20, 1900 and Champ Clark the following week.</p><br>
<p>Senators Robert M. La Follette and Benjamin Tillman appeared in 1907.</p><br>
<p>The famed evangelist Billy Sunday spoke to large crowds at the Auditorium in 1909, 1924, 1925, and 1931.</p><br>
<h3>Notable early musical performances</h3><br>
<p>The Kansas City Orchestra gave a number of evening concerts in the first year, 1898.</p><br>
<p>Louis Richar&#39;s Band, from Chicago, played a number of concerts each year from 1903 to 1906.</p><br>
<p>John Philip Sousa and his band appeared in the fall of 1904, after the Chautauqua season was over for that year.</p><br>
<p>The 1910 program featured "costumed recitals from grand opera" presented by the Chicago Operatic Company on July 4.</p><br>
<p>The Williams Jubilee Singers, called "the best troupe of colored singers in the world", gave very well received performances at the Auditorium every year from 1911 to 1917, then returned in 1922, 1924, 1926, and 1931.</p><br>
<p>Madame Marie Rappold of the Metropolitan Opera in New York City drew the largest crowd of the 1917 season.</p><br>
<p>Miss Frances Ingram, operatic contralto, was very well received in 1917 and 1920.</p><br>
<p>Ernest Davis, tenor of the Boston Grand Opera Company, performed in 1920.</p><br>
<p>Alberto Salvi, described as "the world&#39;s greatest harpist", performed every year from 1926 through 1932 except 1929.</p><br>
<h3>Motion pictures</h3><br>
<p>Although the Auditorium was mostly intended for lectures, sermons, dramatic readings, live musical performances, and variety acts similar to vaudeville, it was also a venue for motion pictures right from the beginning. In 1898, the film industry was in its experimental infancy. The evening Chautauqua program for July 21, 1898, was "Edison&#39;s Genuine Projectoscope, Colorscopic Diorama and Wargraph, with Music, reproducing scenes of the war with Spain." The exhibitor traveled with his own projection equipment, a practice that would persist at the Chautauqua Auditorium until 1918.</p><br>
<p>From the beginning, two or three motion pictures were presented at the Chautauqua Auditorium each year. The 1913 Chautauqua season was notable for the first use in Boulder of the Edison Kinetophone, an early attempt at a motion picture with synchronized sound.</p><br>
<p>In 1918, the Chautauqua Auditorium acquired its own motion picture projection equipment for silent film. The film industry had matured to the point that the investment in standardized projection equipment was deemed justified. The year 1918 also saw an abrupt increase in the number of movies shown at the Auditorium. Since the Chautauqua lacked the financial resources to compete for first run films with the commercial movie theaters, second-run movies suitable for family viewing were selected.</p><br>
<p>Talkies began in 1926, and all-talking pictures in 1929. In this regard the Colorado Chautauqua was a year or two behind the times because of its practice of scheduling second-run movies. The Auditorium upgraded its projection equipment to accommodate the new standard of motion pictures with sound. The number of movies shown at the Chautauqua Auditorium each summer was increasing.</p><br>
<p>Projection equipment at the Chautauqua Auditorium was once again updated in 1937, as Technicolor movies began to be shown. In 1948 a new movie screen was installed, twice the size of the previous screen. The new screen measured 16.5 feet by 22 feet.</p><br>
<p>By the early 1970s, projection and sound equipment at the Chautauqua Auditorium was seriously out of date. The equipment was upgraded in 1979, providing an improved viewing experience, but with the advent of home VCRs the second-run family films were discontinued in 1995.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, the only remaining motion pictures at the Colorado Chautauqua are the silent film series that started in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Acoustical characteristics</h2><br>
<p>As early as the Chautauqua Auditorium&#39;s first season in 1898, the acoustics of the all-wood building were being compared favorably to other venues such as the Mormon Tabernacle in Salt Lake City. Over the years, a variety of performers found the acoustics to their liking. In 1977, Giora Bernstein selected the Chautauqua Auditorium as his preferred venue for the Colorado Music Festival, even though it was in a poor state of repair, because he was enthusiastic about the reverberation offered by the wood structure.</p><br>
<p>Michelle Shocked is quoted as having described the wooden interior of the building by saying, "Now I know what my pick feels like when it falls in my guitar."</p><br>
<p>Highland School, also or previously known as Highland-Lawn School, is an 1892 building at 9th Street and Arapahoe Avenue in Boulder, Colorado. It was the fourth school built in Boulder and was used as a school until 1971. The Highland School Building was converted to use as an office building and placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. The building is constructed of red brick and blond sandstone mined from local quarries.</p><br>
<p>Highland School was threatened with demolition in 1971. Civic leaders opposed to the demolition of the School and nearby Central School (Boulder, Colorado) formed Historic Boulder, Inc. to advocate for its preservation.</p><br>
<p>The school was designed by the Denver firm of Varian and Sterner in 1890. It was doubled in size in a 1923 extension which was designed to be entirely compatible to the original building.</p><br>
<p>The Strand Theatre in Shreveport, Louisiana, United States, opened in 1925 as a Vaudeville venue and was nicknamed "The greatest theatre of the South" and the "Million Dollar Theatre" by its builders, Julian and Abraham Saenger of Shreveport, owners of the Saenger Amusements Company, which operated theaters throughout the American South and in Central America. By the 1940s it had evolved into a movie cinema, which it remained until its closure in 1977. Threatened with demolition, it was saved by a coalition of concerned citizens who restored it to its original grandeur over a nearly seven-year period. It is the "Official State Theatre of Louisiana". Since its re-opening in 1984 following restoration it has served as a performing arts venue, featuring the Shreveport Broadway Series and other traveling Off-Broadway shows.</p><br>
<p>In 1977, the theatre was placed on the National Register of Historic Places. It also became a contributing property of Shreveport Commercial Historic District when its boundaries were increased on.</p><br>
<p>Strand Theater from Crockett Street IMG 1588.JPG</p><br>
<p>Shreveport September 2015 081 (Strand Theatre).jpgThe Strand under renovation in 2015</p><br>
<p>The Historic District of the Georgia Institute of Technology, also known as the Old Campus of Georgia Tech or the Hill District, is significant in the areas of architecture, education, engineering and science, as well as landscape architecture. The area is a Registered Historic Place and part of the central campus of Georgia Tech. Located in Midtown Atlanta, Georgia, United States, it is roughly bounded by North Avenue on the South, Bobby Dodd Stadium, a 55,000 seat football stadium on the East, Bobby Dodd Way on the North and Cherry Street on the West.</p><br>
<h2>Environs</h2><br>
<p>The Georgia Institute of Technology Historic District is situated on and around the crest of "The Hill," the highest elevation of the schools original nine-acre campus. Comprising 12 buildings, the Old Campus is a landscaped cluster of mixed-period classroom, dormitory and administrative brick buildings. Buildings of the Old Campus include the Carnegie Building, which was the campus library until 1953; the Georgia Tech Presidents Office is now located there. Lyman Hall Laboratory, named after Lyman Hall, one of Georgia Techs earlier presidents, was the schools first Chemistry Building. The YMCA Building, funded by John D. Rockefeller in 1910, now houses the Georgia Tech Alumni Association Offices. The random placement of these buildings around the centrally positioned Administration Building ("Tech Tower") has created unique urban spaces. Hundred year-old trees shade the red brick buildings and enhance the sense of special enclosure.</p><br>
<p>A brick roadway, Uncle Heinie Way, wraps itself around the Administration Building forming a "loop" and provides both service and vehicular access to the buildings in this portion of the Campus. A new plaza, Harrison Square, (1968), which both a hard surface of brick and concrete as well as an open green space, was created after the demolition of the Old Shop, the successor of the original (a near-twin to the adjacent Administration building which burned down shortly after its completion).</p><br>
<h2>Style, Form, Planning</h2><br>
<p>The Old Campus of Georgia Tech is significant for more than just the design of the buildings of which it is comprised. As is evident in the placement of the buildings, little thought was actually given to the future expansion of the then young technological school. Instead, the site planning was carried out in such a manner as to meet the immediate and pressing needs of the school. This practical approach has created the significant quality of space. The harmony found within the Old Campus is attributed to the fact that almost all of the buildings were built within a short span of time—from 1885 to 1923. Though all exhibit a consistent approach in design and construction, none include a repetition of style or form.</p><br>
<h2>National Register of Historic Places</h2><br>
<p>In 1978, the area was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Near the entrance to Tech Tower, an historical marker maintained by the commemorates this listing as well as the early history of the Georgia Tech campus.</p><br>
<h2>The twelve buildings</h2><br>
<p>Lettie Pate Whitehead Evans Administration Building (1888)</p><br>
<p>Clarence Knowles Dormitory (1897–1992)</p><br>
<p>Aaron S. French Building (1898)</p><br>
<p>Electrical (Engineering) Building (1901), renamed the Domenico Pietro Savant Building</p><br>
<p>Janie Austell Swann Dormitories (1901)</p><br>
<p>Lyman Hall Laboratory of Chemistry (1905)</p><br>
<p>Andrew Carnegie Library Building (1907)</p><br>
<p>Joseph Brown Whitehead Memorial Hospital (1911), renamed the Lloyd W. Chapin Building in 1987</p><br>
<p>John Davison Rockefeller YMCA Building (1912), renamed the Lawrence W. "Chip" Robert, Jr. Alumni/Faculty House in 1979</p><br>
<p>David Melville Smith Building (1923)</p><br>
<p>William Henry Emerson Building (1925)</p><br>
<p>John Saylor Coon Building (five units completed between 1911–1938)</p><br>
<p>The Old Shop could be considered a "thirteenth building." Erected in 1888, it was destroyed by a fire in 1892 and a replacement was built in the same year. The second shop building was demolished in 1968.</p><br>
<p>Dallas Mill was a manufacturer of cotton sheeting in Huntsville, Alabama, United States. The first of four major textile mills in Huntsville, the mill operated from 1891 until 1949, before it was converted for use as a warehouse in 1955 and burned in 1991. The village, constructed to house workers and their families, was incorporated into the city in 1955. The mill and its mill village are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the 1880s, business leaders in Huntsville sought to increase the industrial presence in what was otherwise a small town of around 5,000 residents. The North Alabama Improvement Company was formed March 17, 1886, and promoted investment in the city to Northeastern businesses. In 1890 Trevanion Barlow Dallas, a Nashville mill executive, agreed to construct a cotton mill in Huntsville. Early stockholders in the mill included Dallas, the North Alabama Improvement Company, Michael O&#39;Shaughnessy (another Nashville industrialist who moved to Huntsville and constructed a home named Kildare, also listed on the NRHP), and Northern industrialists including the Milliken family, owners of textile giant Deering Milliken. The mill was incorporated in 1891 and began operation on November 16, 1892.</p><br>
<p>When the mill opened, it contained 25,000 spindles, 704 looms, and employed 516 workers, making it one of the South&#39;s largest cotton mills. Just eight years later, the mill was doubled in size, to 50,000 spindles, 1,541 looms, 1,200 workers, and 300,000 square feet. The capital for the expansion came primarily from Milliken and Albert W. Green, who became the largest shareholders in the mill. The mill manufactured bleached and brown shirting and sheeting, and consumed approximately 20,000 bales of locally-grown cotton annually.</p><br>
<p>In the summer of 1900, a female worker was allegedly raped by a Black man named Elijah Clark. The entire workforce of the mill left work, went to the local jail and lynched in front of six thousand spectators. The mill later paid for the damage done to the Huntsville Jail by their workers.</p><br>
<p>The mill remained one of the largest employers in the area until the 1930s, when labor unrest began to disrupt all of Huntsville&#39;s cotton mills. From July 17 until September 22, 1934, a strike by the United Textile Workers of America brought violence to Huntsville. The mill was crippled by another strike in 1947; at the time of the strike, the mill employed 700 workers, but had dwindled to only 300 two years later. The mill operated on a partial basis until July 1949. Its assets were sold at auction, and the building was purchased by two Boaz businessmen for $175,000. They leased it to the Genesco Shoe Company, who used it as a distribution warehouse from 1955 until 1987. The mill was used as a warehouse for a real estate developer until the building was destroyed by a fire on July 24, 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The main mill building was designed by Providence, Rhode Island architectural firm Lockwood, Greene & Co. in the Italianate style. The building was originally around 300 by, but was expanded to 650 ft long in 1900. A low-pitched gable roof projected two feet from the sides. Windows were set about 18 in from the outer wall. Two square brick towers with pyramidal roofs housed water tanks and projected above the roof. Two brick chimneys from the boiler room sat behind the main building.</p><br>
<p>Each of the five stories had a central drive shaft, off of which pulleys were attached to power the machinery. The floors were supported by turned wood columns. The wooden window sashes pivoted such that the top third pivoted inward and the bottom two-thirds pivoted about its center so they could be left open even during rain. The new and old halves of the building were separated by firewalls and a central staircase and elevator.</p><br>
<p>After the 1991 fire, all that remains of the mill complex is the riveted steel water tower.</p><br>
<h2>Mill village</h2><br>
<p>In 1892, the Huntsville Land Company was formed by some of the mill executives to construct homes to house the mill workers and their families. By 1916 the village consisted of 120 houses and 74 tenement buildings, before reaching a peak of 350 houses. Most of the homes in the village were sold to workers in the mid-1940s.</p><br>
<p>Rison School, named for mill general manager Archie L. Rison, was built in 1921. The school stood on the corner of Dallas Street and Oakwood Avenue, and grew through the years to serve grades 1–12. It became a part of the Huntsville City Schools system and operated as an elementary and middle school until 1967. Dallas Park (today known as Optimist Park) was built in 1928, and was the home to semi-professional baseball teams sponsored by the mill. The local Optimist Club purchased the park in 1949.</p><br>
<p>The mill village extends from Oakwood Avenue south to Pratt Avenue, and from Andrew Jackson Way west to Dallas Avenue. The village was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.</p><br>
<p>The records of the Dallas Manufacturing Company are located at Special Collections and Archives at the University of Alabama in Huntsville.</p><br>
<p>The Anderson Ferry is a ferry across the Ohio River between Cincinnati, Ohio and Constance, Kentucky. It has been in continuous operation since 1817. It was originated by George W Anderson the founder of the business, sold to the Kottmyer family then known as the Kotmeyer ferry and was later sold back to the Anderson family in 1986. The ferry was often used in the 19th century by Kentucky farmers bringing their product to market in Cincinnati. It is the lone survivor of dozens of ferries that once served the Cincinnati area. The ferry is located about 8 mi west of Downtown Cincinnati.</p><br>
<h2>Route</h2><br>
<p>The ferry connects Anderson Ferry Road (a major arterial street on the Ohio side which traverses the City of Cincinnati; Delhi Township; and Green Township from south to north) with a short private road, which in turn connects with Kentucky Route 8 (the middle section) just east of its junction with Kentucky Route 20 near Constance, Kentucky. A short distance southwest from this junction is KY 20&#39;s junction with Kentucky Route 212, which provides the main access to the Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport. It provides a shortcut for Cincinnati westsiders going to the airport located in Boone County, Kentucky. Price (January 2020) for a one-way ride with a car is $5.00; or a book of 10 tickets can be had for $35.00. In 2020 and 2021, the ferry saw a record amount of usage as closures and construction on the Brent Spence Bridge led to more vehicles utilizing the service.</p><br>
<p>North Bend Plantation is an estate located on the north bank of the James River in Charles City County, Virginia. It is located along State Route 5, a scenic byway which runs between the independent cities of Richmond and Williamsburg.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The North Bend Plantation site was first inhabited by the Weanoc Indians. The original portion of the present house was built in 1819 by John Minge. In 1853 the home was doubled in size by Thomas Hamlin Willcox. Architectural detailing from the expansion included Greek Revival detailing reminiscent of the designs of builder/architect Asher Benjamin. In 1864 North Bend served as the headquarters of Major General Philip Sheridan as 30,000 Union Army troops prepared to cross the James River on a pontoon bridge during the Overland Campaign. The home has been in the Copland family since 1916.</p><br>
<p>North Bend was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Visitors</h2><br>
<p>The grounds are open daily from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. daily and guided tours of the house are available daily by appointment.</p><br>
<p>Piney Grove at Southall&#39;s Plantation is a property listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Holdcroft, Charles City County, Virginia. The scale and character of the collection of domestic architecture at this site recall the vernacular architectural traditions of the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries along the James River.</p><br>
<p>Located mostly north of todays Virginia State Route 5, these frame structures of the common planters were in contrast to the elaborate brick residences of the wealthiest families who developed plantations along the waterfront of the James River. Piney Grove at Southalls Plantation is located on the high ridge of land to the north of the river, in an area of smaller plantations with more modest homes.</p><br>
<p>The original section was built about 1800 as a 20 x, one-story log corn crib. It was expanded to a -story log store about 1820. In 1853, two additions were built, and in the early 20th century, a two-story block was created which incorporated the two rooms of the 1853 addition. The house is a rare survival of log vernacular architecture in Tidewater Virginia and a unique survival of a log agricultural building that was later twice incorporated into a much larger frame structure.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the Virginia Landmarks Register and the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Before English settlement in the seventeenth century, the Southall plantation site in Charles City County was part of the homeland of the Chickahominy (tribe). The plantation site is located near the Mattahunk village site and the trail known as Necotowance&#39;s Path.</p><br>
<p>During the late eighteenth century, the 300 acre plantation was one of the many seats of the Southall family in the region. Other Southall family properties in Charles City County included Mt. Airy, Milton and Vaughns. In Henrico County, the Southall homes of Chatsworth, Reveille, and Westham were located, and another branch had Youngs Island in Warwick County.</p><br>
<p>The original portion of the Piney Grove house was constructed before 1790 as a log corn crib on the Southall plantation. It survives as a rare and well-preserved example of early log architecture in Tidewater Virginia. During the second quarter of the eighteenth century, Furneau Southall served as deputy-sheriff of Charles City County, under Otway Byrd, son of William Byrd III of Westover Plantation. During the American Revolution, Southall served on the Charles City County Committee of Safety with John Tyler of Greenway, father of President John Tyler of Woodburn and Sherwood Forest Plantations. Southall also held a captainship of one of the Charles City County companies under Benjamin Harrison V of Berkeley Plantation.</p><br>
<p>In 1790 Southall administered the first USA Census locally. During the late eighteenth century, residents of the plantation included Furneau Southall, his wife, and seven children. Also housed here were sixteen slaves: Amy, Bess, Bristol, Critty, Dick, Dublin, Jack, Kate, Lucky, Nutty, Patsey, Pompy, Peter, Rippons, Rose, and Silvia. The personal property tax lists also document the plantation furnishings, library, and livestock.</p><br>
<p>The plantation was held by the Southall family until 1857, when Furneaus grandson, John Seth Stubblefield, sold a portion of the plantation to Edmund Archer Saunders. This portion of the property included the log corn crib, which by 1857 had been converted and enlarged for use as a store. The 1851 addition to the original log structure may have been constructed with timbers re-used from the original plantation house: Original post and beam framing was reused in balloon frame construction. Under Saunderss ownership, the rural general merchandise business became known as Piney Grove Store.</p><br>
<h3>Post-Civil War to present</h3><br>
<p>Following the American Civil War, Saunders moved to Richmond, where he became a successful wholesale grocer. He became a major landowner in Charles City County, purchasing properties such as Indian Fields, Weyanoke, and Upper Shirley. He commissioned a handsome stone baptismal font for Westover Episcopal Church, which remains in use there. A portrait of Saunders hangs in the drawing room of the big house at Evelynton Plantation, which was built by his granddaughter Mary Ball Saunders Ruffin and her husband.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Fletcher Harwood operated Piney Grove Store from 1874 until 1915. In 1905 he enlarged and adapted the store building as a five-bedroom residence. During Harwoods ownership, the property also included the office of his physician son, Dr. Ashton Harwood. The Harwood family childrens cemetery is located on the grounds. It has elaborate cast-iron fencing produced by the Cincinnati Ironworks. From 1916 until 1984, Piney Grove belonged to the Hughes family.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage tourism</h2><br>
<p>After purchase in 1984, the Gordineer family began a five-year restoration of the house. Original outbuildings on the property include a smokehouse, chicken house, and small and large pole sheds to store farm equipment. Hughes family photographs document there were formerly both large and small barns, and a dairy that are no longer standing. The archaeological remains of Dr. Harwood&#39;s office survive just northwest of the large pole shed.</p><br>
<p>Piney Grove has been furnished with a collection of antiques and artifacts that chronicle the history of the property. They include family antiques that descend in the Gordineer family through a Canadian branch of the family, descendants of Judge Edward Bowen of Quebec, Canada. Bowen portraits include Edward Bowen, Isabella Cassan Bowen, and Isabella Bowen Hyndman.</p><br>
<p>The grounds include a collection of folk architecture moved to Piney Grove at Southall&#39;s Plantation to be spared from demolition at their original sites. These buildings are Ashland (built 1835 in James City County, Virginia); Dower Quarter (built 1835, Henrico County, Virginia); Ladysmith (built 1857, Caroline County, Virginia); Duck Church (built 1917, Dare County, North Carolina); Pocahontas Tea House Outhouse (built ca. 1930, Henrico County), and Peace Hill Smokehouse (built ca. 1920, Charles City County). The grounds also include a reproduction of the Lanexa Farmstand (built ca. 1940, James City County, Virginia).</p><br>
<p>The complex is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The grounds are open daily from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. daily, and guided tours of the house are available daily by appointment. Bed and breakfast lodging is available in the historic Ladysmith house on the property. The property is an official site of the Virginia Civil War Trails, Virginia Birding and Wildlife Trail, Virginia Time Travelers Program, Jamestown Discovery Trail, and National Register "James River Plantations" Travel Itinerary.</p><br>
<p>The Peoples Savings Bank in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, was designed by Louis Sullivan. It was the second of a number of small "jewel box" banks in midwest towns designed by Sullivan during 1907 to 1919. It was built in 1911, and it was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Sullivan&#39;s initial design was completed in the summer of 1909 but was rejected by the bank as being too expensive. The following year his Cedar Rapids clients, spearheaded by the bank Vice-President Fred Shaver (whom local Cedar Rapids tradition has Sullivan designing a remodeling of his residence), continued their negotiations with him and an agreement was reached. Sullivan began this study of the bank and its functions beginning with the large banking room and working out from there while reducing the cost of the structure by cutting back on the terra cotta ornamentation. The building was finished in 1912.</p><br>
<p>The prominent architectural critic Montgomery Schuyler said of it at the time that, "The building is thus clearly designed from within outward. The exterior is the envelope of the interior reduced to its very simplest expression." (Wilson and Robinson)</p><br>
<p>The bricks for the exterior of the building were produced in 15 different shades, producing, as Sullivan remarked, "the effect of an antique Oriental rug." The interior of the building includes clerestory walls of glass with murals by Allen Philbrick depicting life in rural Iowa.</p><br>
<p>This bank was the last commission that George Elmslie assisted Sullivan on. Shortly after its completion Elmslie joined the Minnesota partnership of Purcell & Feick, the new firm being named Purcell, Feick & Elmslie.</p><br>
<p>Peoples Bank was purchased around 1989 by Minneapolis-based Norwest Corporation, which a few years later acquired Wells Fargo and took on its name. The Third Avenue building continued to serve as the Cedar Rapids/Marion areas main Wells Fargo branch, but because of its proximity to the Cedar River, it was impacted by the Great Iowa Flood of 2008. As such, the main bank is currently closed. Wells Fargos Web site says the adjacent motor bank is operating, however.</p><br>
<p>LSPeoplesBankCR2.jpgTerra cotta detail</p><br>
<p>LSPeoplesBankCR3.jpgTerra cotta detail</p><br>
<h2>Other Louis Sullivan "jewel boxes"</h2><br>
<p>Farmers and Merchants Bank, Columbus, Wisconsin (1919)</p><br>
<p>Henry Adams Building, Algona, Iowa (1913)</p><br>
<p>Home Building Association Company, Newark, Ohio (1914)</p><br>
<p>Merchants&#39; National Bank, Grinnell, Iowa (1914)</p><br>
<p>National Farmer&#39;s Bank, Owatonna, Minnesota (1908)</p><br>
<p>People&#39;s Federal Savings and Loan Association, Sidney, Ohio (1918)</p><br>
<p>Purdue State Bank, West Lafayette, Indiana (1914)</p><br>
<p>The Hyde Collection is an art museum in the city of Glens Falls in Upstate New York. The collections were endowed by the Hyde family. The museum is housed in a historic refurbished early twentieth-century residence, the Hyde House, located at 161 Warren Street in Glens Falls, New York, a building that is listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Founded by Louis and Charlotte Hyde, the collection contains historic furniture, books, paintings, sculptures and pottery. Now expanded with many modern additions, the museum, while relatively small and "off the beaten track," contains an impressive and broad collection including Italian Renaissance and eighteenth-century French antiques, and works by Botticelli, El Greco, van Dyck, Ingres, Raphael, Rembrandt, Rubens, Tintoretto, Cézanne, Degas, Matisse, Picasso, Renoir, and van Gogh. In addition, works by important American artists including Eakins, Childe Hassam, Winslow Homer, Ryder, and Whistler are also present.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Charlotte Pruyn Hyde established a trust in 1952 that dedicated her home and her extensive art collection to the community. The trust agreement also set forth the future mission of the museum. Charlotte Hyde&#39;s vision, as stated in the trust, was for the trustees "to establish and maintain a museum for the exhibition of art objects...and to promote and cultivate the study and improvement of the fine arts, for the education and benefit of the residents of Glens Falls and vicinity and the general public." The Hyde art collection is a product of the golden age of the private art collector (c. 1890 to 1940).</p><br>
<p>Charlotte Hyde (1867–1963) was born in Glens Falls, New York into one of the leading industrialist families of the Adirondack region. Her father, Samuel Pruyn (of Dutch ancestry, pronounced "Prine"), co-founded Finch, Pruyn & Company, Inc. in 1865. Pruyn soon became the sole owner of the paper manufacturer, and thus established the foundation of the family&#39;s wealth.</p><br>
<p>Samuels oldest daughter Charlotte met the young Harvard law student Louis Hyde (1866–1934) while attending finishing school in Boston. They married in 1901 and in 1906 Charlottes father encouraged his son-in-law to leave his practice in Massachusetts and join the family business. Consequently, the couple returned to Charlotte&#39;s hometown and Louis became vice president of the paper mill.</p><br>
<p>Between 1904 and 1912 Charlotte and her sisters, Nell Cunningham and Mary Hoopes, built homes on adjoining property overlooking the Hudson River (the Cunningham House and Hoopes House). Boston architect Henry Forbes Bigelow was commissioned to design all three residences. All three houses were built by well-known architect and structural engineer Robert Rheinlander. Each embraced the American Renaissance propensity to adapt European architectural traditions to American taste. Hyde House, however, completed in 1912 in the style of a Florentine Renaissance palazzo, stands as the most impressive and significant example of this practice.</p><br>
<p>Hyde collection2.JPGLooking east</p><br>
<p>Hyde collection 2.JPGLooking west</p><br>
<p>With Hyde House complete, the couple began to acquire the furnishings and art works that best suited the scale and environment of their new home. Throughout the decades that followed, they thoughtfully continued to acquire pieces during summer sojourns to Europe, and more often, from their favorite New York City dealers.</p><br>
<p>By 1930, their collection was widely recognized. When Louis Hyde died in 1934, approximately one-third of the core collection had been assembled. During the next 30 years, Charlotte Hyde continued to expand its scope, ultimately including representative objects from the span of western art history. They were aided in the collecting by the noted scholar of Renaissance art, Bernard Berenson.</p><br>
<p>Three months after Charlotte Hyde died in 1963, the Hyde Collection opened to the general public. In 1984 Hyde House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In 1989, an expansion designed by Edward Larrabee Barnes connected Hyde House and the recently acquired Cunningham House. Overnight, this addition of four galleries, an auditorium, art storage, classrooms, and a museum shop, consciously broadened the museum&#39;s scope of purpose.</p><br>
<p>Today this expansion supports an ambitious schedule of special exhibitions that embraces a diversity of styles, periods, and media. From monographic shows of artists like Winslow Homer and Auguste Rodin, to more broadly defined projects, each is intended to serve as an important complement to the semi-permanent installation within Hyde House.</p><br>
<p>In May 2004, The Hyde completed an expansion and renovation. The complete restoration of historic Hyde House unfolded, with the stucco exterior completely replaced and restored, while inside, the implementation of a historic furnishing plan effectively captured a once-fading past and returned a heightened degree of integrity to the visitor&#39;s experience. In April 2010, Finch Paper announced its purchase of the Glens Falls Armory, adjacent to the Hyde Collection, for possible expansion of the museum and its programs.</p><br>
<p>The Henry Adams Building, also known as the Land and Loan Office Building, is a historic building in Algona, Iowa, United States. It was designed by Louis Sullivan in 1912.</p><br>
<p>Although it was not designed as a bank, and has never served as such, the building is nonetheless considered one of Sullivans "Jewel Boxes," a series of banks designed and built in the Midwest between 1909 and 1919. As in the other "Jewel Boxes," Sullivan included many windows, both on the street side and in the skylight that allowed a great deal of natural light inside. The simple massing of this small, rectangular building with its clearly defined structure was typical of Sullivans later work. The same massing and similar detailing, particularly the entrance, was used by Sullivan&#39;s former associates Purcell & Elmslie in their slightly larger Exchange State Bank in Grand Meadow, Minnesota in 1910, and it is possible that this design influenced Sullivan. (Brooks) Sullivan was assisted in the design by his draftsman, Parker Berry, who drew the perspectives.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998, under the name of "Land and Loan Office Building."</p><br>
<h2>Other Louis Sullivan "jewel boxes"</h2><br>
<p>Farmers and Merchants Bank, Columbus, Wisconsin (1919)</p><br>
<p>Home Building Association Company, Newark, Ohio (1914)</p><br>
<p>Merchants&#39; National Bank, Grinnell, Iowa (1914)</p><br>
<p>National Farmer&#39;s Bank, Owatonna, Minnesota (1908)</p><br>
<p>People&#39;s Federal Savings and Loan Association, Sidney, Ohio (1918)</p><br>
<p>Peoples Savings Bank, Cedar Rapids, Iowa (1912)</p><br>
<p>Purdue State Bank, West Lafayette, Indiana (1914)</p><br>
<p>Belle Air Plantation is an estate located on the north bank of the James River in Charles City County, Virginia, United States. It is located along State Route 5, a scenic byway which runs between the independent cities of Richmond and Williamsburg. Belle Air is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Belle Air is a unique surviving example of a wooden house with postmedieval-style exposed interior timber framing. It is probably the oldest plantation dwelling along State Route 5. Daniel Clark purchased the Belle Air tract in 1662. The original five-bay portion of Belle Air possesses architectural details characteristic of seventeenth century construction with a floor plan and façade fenestration characteristic of 18th-century design. The post medieval-style exposed interior timber framing is the only example found in a frame building in Virginia. The hand-hewn timbers serve as both structural framing and decorative woodwork. Summer beams, which run through the center of the ceilings into the chimneys, serve as the principal supporting members for the floor joists above. Also on the property are a contributing frame smokehouse with a pyramidal roof, and a frame kitchen.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Belle Air began in the Bradford family with Richard Bradford. In 1657, following the period of his indenture, Richard I was assigned the first half of a 1,197 acre Charles City County plantation by Howell Pryse. Richard acquired the entirety of that plantation in a deed dated August 4, 1662. While it is unclear how much Richard paid for that land, it is recorded that he paid Pryse 3,500 pounds of tobacco “being in parte” for the land Richard I had “lately bought” from Pryse. 49 That plantation stayed in the Bradford family for the next sixty-five years. It was later purchased by Col. William Green Munford, who had served as a colonel in the Continental Army. Inherited by his son, John Munford, at the Colonel&#39;s death in 1786, it was sold to John Cocke in 1792. The property was purchased by Hamlin Willcox, a prosperous Charles City County planter, in 1800 and he added the three-bay western portion of the house. The house remained in the Willcox family, which also owned nearby North Bend Plantation at the time of the Civil War, until 1945. Belle Air was restored by the current owner, Mrs. Walter O. Major.</p><br>
<h2>Visitation</h2><br>
<p>The house is open for guided tours during Historic Garden Week and by appointment.</p><br>
<p>Edgewood Plantation is an estate located north of the James River in Charles City County, Virginia. It is located along State Route 5, a scenic byway which runs between the independent cities of Richmond and Williamsburg. Edgewood was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Circa 1849, Edgewood Plantation is an exquisite 7,000 square foot example of Gothic Revival architecture. Edgewood, once part of the grounds of Berkeley Plantation, is the sole example of Gothic Revival architecture found along the James River. The traditional center hall plan of the house provides the setting for a three-story stairway, which occupies the space beneath four steeply-pitched gables. The house was built around 1854 for Richard S. Rowland who moved to Charles City County from New Jersey to operate the gristmill on the property.</p><br>
<h2>The Mill</h2><br>
<p>Rowland&#39;s Mill was built during the 18th century by Benjamin Harrison V of Berkeley Plantation.</p><br>
<p>It was visited during the Civil War by General J.E.B. Stuart and during the American Revolutionary War by British troops led by Benedict Arnold.</p><br>
<h2>Civil War history</h2><br>
<p>During the American Civil War the third floor of Edgewood was used as a lookout post for Confederate generals when their troops were camped at nearby Berkeley and the gristmill ground corn for both the Union and Confederate armies. On June 15, 1862, Confederate General J.E.B. Stuart stopped at Edgewood for refreshment on his way to Richmond to warn General Robert E. Lee of the Union Army&#39;s strength.</p><br>
<h2>Subsequent history</h2><br>
<p>In the early 1900s, Edgewood became Charles City County&#39;s first restaurant, The Blue Tea Pot. Edgewood currently rents rooms as a bed and breakfast, and offers Victorian high teas and special themed tours.</p><br>
<h2>Visitation</h2><br>
<p>The grounds are open daily from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. daily and guided tours of the house are available daily by appointment.</p><br>
<p>Roscoe Village is a restored Ohio and Erie Canal town located in Coshocton, Ohio, United States. Roscoe Village, was laid out in 1816. It was originally named Caldersburgh after its founder James Calder. After going bankrupt, the Coshocton merchant moved across the Muskingum River to some land he had managed to retain. Setting up a store and naming the place after himself, Calder reasoned that the rural farmers would much rather do business in Caldersburgh than pay the twenty-five cents for the ferry over to Coshocton. In 1830, two prominent citizens petitioned the state legislature to rename the village Roscoe in honor of William Roscoe, the famous English author and abolitionist of the time.</p><br>
<p>The transformation of Roscoe from a small, sleepy community into a thriving port along the Ohio and Erie Canal came with the arrival of the canal and the landing of the first canal boat, the Monticello, on August 21, 1830. The Ohio and Erie Canal, which provided cheap transportation for people and goods, granted great economic development for communities along the waterway. With its status as the fourth largest wheat port on the canal, Roscoe&#39;s prosperity ignited a chain of businesses in the area, including a blacksmith, a cooperage, a hotel, a mill, and several stores. State Route 16, which runs parallel to Roscoe today, is the location of the original Ohio and Erie Canal bed.</p><br>
<p>Until the great flood of 1913, the canals continued to operate, but the coming of the railroads marked the passing of the canal heyday. Along with the demise of the canal industry came the decline of Roscoe&#39;s prosperity, and the once thriving canal port and its beautiful Greek Revival buildings rapidly deteriorated.</p><br>
<p>In 1960, the idea of historical restoration in Roscoe came to prominence at the presentation of the Canal Days mural the distinguished American artist Dean Cornwell painted for Coshocton&#39;s 1961 Sesquicentennial Celebration. Cornwell chose a robust 1850s canal scene from Roscoe Village as the subject of his mural. This beautiful 24-foot-by-8-foot mural hangs today in Bank One of Coshocton while a smaller reproduction graces the lobby of the Roscoe Village Visitor Center.</p><br>
<p>Fascinated and inspired by the painting, retired Coshocton industrialist Edward E. Montgomery, and his wife, Frances, purchased the 1840 Toll House in August 1968, thus beginning the restoration of Historic Roscoe Village. Roscoe Village would be, as Mr. Montgomery stated, "a living museum so that people of the 20th century and succeeding ones could enjoy a visit back to the 19th century where aged brick buildings, hoop-skirted women, and quaint shops would bring the canal era back to life." Today, Roscoe Village is the result of more than 35 years of dedicated work.</p><br>
<p>The Foundation also purports to promote education with regard to life along the Ohio and Erie Canal in the mid 19th century. Living history is displayed and there are annual events which attract tourists from all over the country.</p><br>
<p>The Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum is located in the village, and features decorative arts, pioneer and Native American artifacts and local history displays.</p><br>
<p>The Stowe Center for Literary Activism is a history museum and National Historic Landmark at 73 Forest Street in Hartford, Connecticut that was once the home of Harriet Beecher Stowe, author of the 1852 novel Uncle Toms Cabin. Stowe lived in this house for the last 23 years of her life. It was her familys second home in Hartford. The 5,000 sq ft  cottage-style house is located adjacent to the Mark Twain House and is open to the public. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970, and declared a National Historic Landmark in 2013.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Stowe House is a two-story brick building, painted gray, resting on a brick foundation. Although the house is basically rectangular, it has a complex roof, with a jerkin-headed gable running parallel to the street, a hip-roof extension to the rear, and small dormers flanking a central dormer flush to the front facade. The gables are decorated with bargeboard, and the eaves have Italianate brackets. The interior of the house follows a fairly conventional center hall plan, with two parlors, dining room, kitchen, and pantry on the first floor, and bedrooms on the second. Though Harriet Beecher Stowe and her family had previously lived in several other homes, Oakholm was the first constructed specifically for them.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Harriet Beecher Stowe had been living in Massachusetts with her husband Calvin Ellis Stowe, who taught at the Andover Theological Seminary. When Calvin gave his resignation, effective in August 1863, Harriet set to work preparing their first home in Hartford. Fluctuating costs caused by the American Civil War made the project difficult but Harriet enjoyed supervising the work. She wrote to her publisher James T. Fields, "I go every day to see it—I am busy with drains sewers sinks digging trenching—& above all with manure!—You should see the joy with which I gaze on manure heaps to which the eye of faith sees Delaware grapes & DAngouleme pears & all sorts of roses & posies". She named the building "Oakholm". The home was complete enough that, by May 1, 1864, she wrote, "I came here a month ago to hurry on the preparations for our house, in which I am now writing, in the high bow-window of Mr. Stowes study, overlooking the wood and river. We are not moved in yet, only our things, and the house presents a scene of the wildest chaos, the furniture having been tumbled in and lying boxed and promiscuous."</p><br>
<p>By 1873, however, Oakholm became too expensive to maintain, and the Stowes sold the house and moved to this home on Forest Street. The home was originally built by Franklin Chamberlin, who had also sold the adjacent land to Mark Twain upon which the Mark Twain House was built.</p><br>
<p>Stowe remained in the home for the last 23 years of her life. Among the works she published while living here was Pogunuc People (1878). She maintained an active career; in addition to her writing, she also embarked on two lecture tours while living in the house.</p><br>
<p>She also pushed for support of the local Wadsworth Atheneum and assisted in establishing the Hartford Art School, now part of the University of Hartford.</p><br>
<p>Stowe died in her upstairs bedroom in the house in 1896 with several of her children, her sister Isabella Beecher Hooker, and other family members at her side.</p><br>
<h2>The Stowe Center for Literary Activism</h2><br>
<p>" preserves and interprets Stowe’s Hartford home and the Center’s historic collections, promotes vibrant discussion of her life and work, and inspires commitment to social justice and positive change." (Mission Statement of the Harriet Beecher Stowe Center)</p><br>
<p>After Harriet Beecher Stowes death in 1896, the property was sold out of the family. It was reacquired by her grandniece, Katharine Seymour Day, in 1924. Day, who had known the family of Mark Twain as a girl, also acquired the neighboring Mark Twain House and saved it from development in 1929. Day bequeathed her Hartford properties to a foundation dedicated to Stowes legacy. Now known as the Stowe Center for Literary Activism, officially founded in 1941,</p><br>
<p>In addition to the Stowe House, the Center manages an 1873 carriage house, which now serves as the visitors center, and the Katharine Seymour Day House (1884). The Stowe Center preserves the house and centers collections, with a research library that includes letters and documents from the family. The collections include an estimated 6,000 objects and over 200,000 manuscripts, books, photographs, and other materials. The site is part of the Connecticut Women&#39;s Heritage Trail.</p><br>
<h3>The Stowe Prize</h3><br>
<p>Stowe Center for Literary Activism annually awards a prize to a USA author whose work is deemed to have affected a critical social issue in the tradition of Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Recipients include:</p><br>
<p>Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn (2011), for Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide.</p><br>
<p>Michelle Alexander (2013), for The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness.</p><br>
<p>Ta-Nehisi Coates (2015), for "The Case for Reparations".</p><br>
<p>Bryan Stevenson (2017), for Just Mercy: A Story of Justice and Redemption</p><br>
<p>Matthew Desmond (2018), for Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City</p><br>
<p>Albert Woodfox (2020), for Solitary</p><br>
<p>Clint Smith (2022) for How the Word Is Passed: A Reckoning with the History of Slavery Across America</p><br>
<p>Great Falls Dam is a hydroelectric dam on the Caney Fork, straddling the county line between White County and Warren County in the USA state of Tennessee. It is the only dam outside the Tennessee River watershed owned and operated by the Tennessee Valley Authority. The dam impounds the 1,830 acre Great Falls Lake, and its tailwaters feed into Center Hill Lake. The completion of Great Falls Dam in late 1916 was an engineering triumph, marking the first successful attempt to impound the volatile and flood-prone Caney Fork. The dam is also notable for its design, utilizing a mostly underground conduit to carry water from the reservoir via a tributary to the Power House 0.75 mi downstream from the dam.Distance measured from and</p><br>
<p>Great Falls Dam is named for the rapids and waterfalls on the Caney Fork downstream from the dam. The section of river below the powerhouse is world-renowned for whitewater kayaking. The dam and its tailwaters are surrounded by Rock Island State Park.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Great Falls Dam is located approximately 94 mi above the mouth of the Caney Fork, immediately downstream from the Caney Forks confluence with the Collins River. The confluence of these two rivers (the Collins flowing from the southwest and the Caney Fork from the east) creates a peninsula. The two rivers nearly meet at the Narrows, a "land bridge" connecting the peninsula to the mainland. Two tunnels measuring approximately 600 ft each deliver water from the Collins River section of the Great Falls Reservoir underneath Highway 287 at the Narrows to the dams powerhouse located on the Caney Fork 0.75 mi downstream from the dam.</p><br>
<p>Great Falls Reservoir stretches behind the dam for 22 mi along the Caney Fork and for roughly 10 mi along the lower Collins River. The lake also includes a small stretch of the lower Rocky River, which empties into the Caney Fork about a mile east of the dam.</p><br>
<h2>Capacity</h2><br>
<p>Great Falls Dam is a concrete gravity diversion type dam 92 ft high and 800 ft long, and has a generating capacity of 33,800 kilowatts (33.8 MW). Great Falls Reservoir has approximately 49,000 acre.ft of flood storage, 120 mi of shoreline, and 1,830 acre of water surface.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Throughout the 19th century, many attempts were made to harness the extraordinary hydro power potential of the Caney Fork only to be defeated by one of the volatile rivers disastrous floods. The first major establishment to utilize the rivers power at Great Falls was the Bosson Mill, a gristmill and carding factory that operated at the site across the river from the powerhouse from the 1860s until its destruction by a flood in 1882. The most prominent venture at Great Falls Gorge was the Falls City Cotton Mill Company, which established a cotton mill and company town, Falls City, just above the gorge in 1892. The company turned a moderate profit until 1902, when the Good Friday Flood destroyed its toll bridge and powerhouse, and the mill was forced to close (the mill and the town&#39;s "spring castle" are still standing, however).</p><br>
<p>By 1900, the rise of major industry in Nashville brought an increased demand for electricity. In 1901, Nashville entrepreneur Arthur Dyer formed the Great Falls Power Company and purchased land on the north side of the gorge with plans to build a dam. Dyer had trouble getting financing for the project, however, and in 1912 sold Great Falls Power to the Tennessee Power Company. The original plans called for a dam 110 ft high. At the Narrows, where the two tunnels are now located, an open channel was to be made from the Collins River to the Caney Fork. The water was to be carried across the gorge in a steel flume and then in an open canal across Horseshoe Bend, a distance of 1.5 mi. The powerhouse was to be located at least 3 mi by river below the present powerhouse. In so doing a total head of 235 ft would have been available; 110 ft at the dam, 75 ft between the dam and the present powerhouse and 50 ft around horseshoe bend.</p><br>
<p>With financing from Chicago business interests, Tennessee Power began construction work on the dams foundation. Within a month, however, the Caney Fork burst its banks again, flooding out the projects excavation work and destroying its cofferdams. Tennessee Power struggled with finances but was able to resume construction in 1915, and by late 1916 the 40 ft high dam had been completed. The plant went into operation on January 1, 1917.</p><br>
<p>In 1922, the Tennessee Power Company merged with several other entities to form the Tennessee Electric Power Company (TEPCO). TEPCO tripled the capacity of Great Falls Dam by raising the dam 35 ft and installing a second generator at the powerhouse downstream. The dam faced its first major test in March 1929, when several cloudbursts atop the Cumberland Plateau caused the Caney Fork to expand to record flood volumes, sending wreckage and uprooted trees crashing into the dam. The Great Falls Power House was flooded and a substation was destroyed, but the dam held.</p><br>
<p>The passage of the TVA Act in 1933 gave the Tennessee Valley Authority oversight of flood control operations in the Tennessee River watershed, where most of TEPCO&#39;s dams were located. Jo Conn Guild, the head of TEPCO, vehemently opposed TVA and challenged the constitutionality of the TVA Act in federal court. After the USA Supreme Court upheld the act, however, TEPCO was forced under eminent domain to sell its assets to TVA for $78 million. This sum included $3.5 million for Great Falls Dam.</p><br>
<p>After its acquisition, TVA began making improvements to Great Falls Dam. By 1946, grouting work had repaired much of the leakage through the cliffside, which had been an issue since the dam&#39;s creation. TVA also built a new switchyard and control building. In the late 1960s, the agency leased part of the Great Falls reservation to the state for the development of Rock Island State Park, which opened in 1969.</p><br>
<p>The Buffalo Electric Vehicle Company was an American electric car manufacturing company from 1912 until 1915 located at 1219-1247 Main Street in Buffalo, New York. The motorcars were marked under the Buffalo brand. The company was formed by a merger of several electrical vehicle and allied companies which included:</p><br>
<p>Babcock Electric Carriage Company (whose founder Francis A. Babcock became Buffalo&#39;s president)</p><br>
<p>Van Wagoner whose trucks were continued by the new company</p><br>
<p>The Buffalo Automobile Station Company</p><br>
<p>Buffalo Electric Carriage Company</p><br>
<p>The Clark Motor Company</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The company&#39;s automobiles were commonly marketed to affluent women as an alternative to the dangerous manual crank starting that was required with a gasoline vehicle. The company went out of business in 1916.</p><br>
<p>The Buffalo Electric Vehicle Company Building is a historic automobile factory and showroom located at Buffalo in Erie County, New York. It was constructed in 1910–1911. The building has been redeveloped as home to "Artspace Buffalo."</p><br>
<p>The company&#39;s factory and showroom was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>The Upton Sinclair House is an historic house at 464 N. Myrtle Avenue, Monrovia, California. Built in 1923, it was the home of American novelist Upton Sinclair  between 1942 and 1966, and is where he wrote many of his later works. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971. It is a private residence.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Upton Sinclair House is located in the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains, north of the center of Monrovia at the southeast corner of North Myrtle Avenue and East Scenic Drive. It is a Neo-Mediterranean building in a district of similar houses. It is made of poured concrete and includes "ball-and-ribbon" concrete moldings and Batchelder tile. Its main entrance is set in an ornate archway, with an iron balcony above. The entrance and flanking windows are set in round-arch openings. To the rear right of the house is a period garage.</p><br>
<p>The house was designed by California architect Frederick H. Wallis and built in 1923. It was purchased by Sinclair in 1942, seeking a quieter location than Pasadena, where he had been living. Sinclair is best known for his exposé style of writing, epitomized by The Jungle, his 1906 novel exposing unsavory practices in the meatpacking industry. Sinclair was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1943.</p><br>
<p>Many of Sinclair&#39;s later works were written while he lived here, in a studio space created in the garage.</p><br>
<p>The house sustained damage during the 1991 Sierra Madre earthquake (5.6M) and was nearly torn down by its owner; however, California&#39;s state historic preservation office denied the demolition.</p><br>
